Bulletin No. 10 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 

SB 



.U5M6 




LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES 



THE UNITED STATES 



C. HARX TVIERRIAM 

C/'.ief, BiclogiCiil Surz y 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
I 898 



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Bulletin No. 10 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE 

DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES 



THE UNITED STATES 



C. HARX MERRIAlVr 

Chief, Biological Survey 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFJCE 
1898 



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J\JN 2B 1906 
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t LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Biological Survey, 
Washington, D. C, June 2<\ IS'.iS. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication, as Bul- 
letin No. 10 of this division, a rejjort on the work of the Biological 
Survey in its relation to practical agriculture, comprising a reprint 
of the article on the subject in the Yearbook of the United States 
Department of Agriculture for 1807 and considerable additioiuil mat- 
ter. This report is accompanied by a new nuip of the life zones of 
the United States, corrected to December, 181)7, and consists of four 
parts, as follows: 

I. Relations of the Biological Survey to jjractical agriculture. 
II. Life zones of the United States : Boundaries, native species, and 
important crops. 

III. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of 
animals and i3lanls. 

IV. Crop tables. 

It is hoped that this report, with its accomi:)anying zone map and 
crop lists, will serve to emphasize the extreme wastefulness of indis- 
criminate experimentation, by which hundreds of thousands of dollars 
are thrown away each year in futile attempts to make crops grow in 
areas totally unfitted for their cultivation. 
Respectfully, 

C. Hart Merriam, 

Chief, Biological Survey. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction T 

PART I. 

Relations op the Biological Survey to practical agriculture 9 

Need of diversification of crops 9 

Sea Island and Egyptian cotton for new sections 11 

Profitable crops for different climates - . - . 11 

What the farmer needs to know - -- 13 

Mapping agricultural regions. - . -- 12 

Development of agriculture in California _ - . 14 

The arid regions - - - - - 15 

Special value of narrow extensions of faiinas 15 

PART II. 

Life zones of the United States: Boundaries, native species, and 

important crops - . . 18 

1. The Arctic- Alpine zone 18 

2. The Hudsonian zone ..--. 19 

3. The Canadian zone . --. -. --- 19 

4. The Transition zone . 20 

(a) The Alleghanian faunal area . 20 

Crops of the Alleghanian faunal area 21 

(f>) The arid Transition faunal area , .-. 25 

Crops of the arid Transition faunal area . . _ . 25 

(c) The Pacific coast Transition faunal area_ _ 27 

Crops of the Pacific coast Transition faunal area 29 

5. The Upper Austral zone 30 

((() The Carolinian faunal area. . . - - - 30 

Crops of the Carolinian faunal area _ 31 

(b) The Upper Sonoran faunal area 36 

Crops of the Upper Sonoran faunal area 37 

6. The Lower Austral zone . . 41 

(a) The Lower Sonoran faunal area 41 

Crops of the Lower Sonoran faunal area 42 

(6) The Austroriparian faunal area 45 

Crops of the Austroriparian faunal area . . . . - 46 

(f) Semitropical or Gulf strip . . 49 

Crops of the Semitropical or Gulf strip 49 

7. The Tropical region 51 

Crops of the Tropical region 52 

Crops of Tropical Florida. 52 



6 CONTENTS. 

PART III. 

Pago. 

Laavs of temperature control of the geographic distribution of 

animals and plants - - - - 54 

Zone temperatures _ -' 54 

The Boreal region - - - - 54 

The Austral region - - 55 

The Tropical region 55 

PART IV. 

Crop tables 56 

Cereals -.- -. --- --- 56 

Apples ^ - - . - 57 

Apricots - . . . 62 

Cherries 62 

Grapes - 64 

Peaches _ 65 

Pears 67 

Plums - --- 68 

Strawberries _ _ . . _ - 70 

Nuts 71 

Miscellaneous crops 73 



ILLUSTRATION. 



Map showing life zones of the United States Frontispiece. 



INTRODUCTION. 



For ten years the Biological Survey (and its predecessor, the Divi- 
sion of Ornitholog'3^ and Mamnialogj') has liad small parties in the 
field traversing' the public domain foi- the purpose of studying the 
geographic .distribution of our native land animals and plants and 
mapping the boundaries of the areas they iuliabit. Tlie pi-esent 
repoT't is intended to explain the relations of this work to practical 
agriculture and to show tlie results thus far attained — it does not 
deal with other investigations carried on by the Survey. 

It was early learned that North America is divisible into seven 
transcontinental belts or life zones and a much larger number of 
minor areas or faunas, each characterized hy particular associations 
of animals and plants. It was then suspected tliat tliese same zones 
and areas, up to the northern limit of profitable agriculture, are 
adapted to the needs of particular kinds or varieties of cultivated 
crops, and this has since been fully established. Wiien, therefore, 
the natural life zones and areas, seeminglj^ of interest only to the 
natui-alist, were found to be natural crop l)elts and areas, they became 
at once of the highest importance to tlie agriculturist. A map sliow- 
ing their position and boundaries, so far as ascertained at the close 
of the field season of 1807, accompanies this report, and lists of the 
more important crops of each belt and its principal subdivisions are 
here for the fii'st time published. The matter relating to the native 
animals and plants has been reduced to a fi-agmentary outline, for the 
reason that this ])ranch of tlie subject is of comparatively little inter- 
est to the farmer and fruit grower. 

Under the liead 'Impoi-tant crops,' and in tlie corresponding 'C^rop 
tables ' at the end of the report, great care has been taken to make 
the lists accurate and trustworthy as far as iheij go. One of the chief 
difficulties encountered is that nearly all of tlie published matter 
relating to the distribution of crops is arranged by political divisions, 
as States or counties, and consequently is of little assistance as a 
guide to climatic or zone requirements. Another difficulty is the 
over sanguine attitude of many fruit growers and horticultural socie- 
ties, particularly in the West, where innumerable varieties are re- 
ported as succeeding in places where they have not been tested a 
sufficient length of time. The intention in the present report has 
been to omit doubtful records, and since reliable information from 
specific localities of known zone position is exceedingly scarce, it is 

7 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

obvious tliat the lists are veiy incomplete. They should be taken as 
a base on which to build. 

Statistical information has been freely furnished by Mr. John Hyde, 
Statistician of the Department. The data on the distribution of 
cereals I have compiled from a study of the manuscript maps accom- 
panying a report by Prof. C. S. Pluuib, about to be published by the 
IMological Sui'vey. The data on fruits and other crops have been 
obtained from various sources, published and unpublished. Among 
the former may be mentioned the ' Catalogue of Fruits ' of the Ameri- 
can Pomological Society (]3ull. G, Div. Pomology, U. S. Department 
Agriculture), reports of several State boards of horticulture, aud 
reports of the State Board of Trade of Califoi-nia. Special informa- 
tion on Arizona has been contributed by Pi-of. J. W. Toumey; on 
Florida, by Mr. Herbert J. Webber; on California, by Prof. E. -T. 
Wickson; on Washington, by Mr. Jesse I>aker, and on the Snake 
River A^alley at Lewiston, Idaho, aud adjacent parts of Washington, 
by Mr. E. II. Libby, president of the Lewiston Water and Power 
Company, and Henry II. Spalding, of Almota, Wash. But most of 
all I am indebted to the coui-tesy of the Division of Pomology of the 
United States Department of Agriculture, and particularly to Mr. 
William A. Taylor, assistant pomologist, who has kindly gone over 
and coi-rected the vai'ious fruit lists with me and has made the nomen- 
clature conform to the rules of the American Pomological Society. 
Without Mr. Taylor's invaluable assistance these lists Avould not have 
been lit for publication. 

Cori-ections and additions are earnestl}" desired in order that sub- 
sequent editions of the report, which is intended to serve as a guide 
and index to the crop adaptations of the various life zones and areas, 
may be made more complete and useful. The list of miscellaneous 
crops here given is regrettabl}' meager, and nothing whatever is said 
of the varieties of tobacco, tomatoes, eggplants, pumpkins, squashes, 
beans, pease, potatoes, or other garden vegetal)les. It is hoped the 
necessary data on these will be obtained in time for insei'tion in the 

next edition. 

C. H. M. 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PART I. 



RELATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY TO PRACTICAL 
AGRICULTURE. 

Tho Biological Survey aims to defiiio and map the natural agricul- 
tural l)elts of the Ignited States, to ascertain what products of the 
soil can and what can not be grown successfully in each, to guivle the 
fai-mer in the intelligent introduction of foreign crops, and to point 
onl his friends and his enendes among the native birds and mamnuils, 
thcivby helping him to utilize the l)eneficial and ward off the liai-nd'nl 
kinds. 

No fact is better recognized by thoughtful students of our resources 
than the n(H^d of di^'(M•sifying our agricultui-al prodiu-ts, with a view 
not only to i-emedying the present unequal apportionment of stand- 
ard crops throughont the United States, but also with a view to the 
introduction of neA\ kinds. This is the more iniportant because of 
the varying market values of standard crops from year to year, 
prices frequently falling so low as barely to cover cost of production, 
bringing hardship if not financial rnin to the producer. In order to 
obviate so far as possil)le the disastrous eft'ects of such years it would 
seem the part of wisdom to be prepared with two or more ci-ops, so 
that if one fails by reason of unsuitable seasonal conditions or low 
price the otIuM- can be depended on for sufficient revenue to bi-idge 
over the period of loss from failure of the fii'st . 

L'arms so favorably situated tluit absolute reliance can be placed 
on a single crop, or so little diversified that all parts are e<iually fitted 
for this crop, are few and far between; and even in such cases there 
is danger of overproduction. As a I'ule, if the major part is well 
adapted for corn, wheal, cotton, sugar, or tobacco, the crop chosen is 
su])Ject to material finctuations in yield and value, and minor areas 
are better fitted for some oIIkm- use. 

NEED OF DIVERSIFICATION OF CROPS. 

The Statistician of the Department, in his last report to the Secre- 
tary, calls attention to the marked geographic concentration of agri- 
cultural productions, and points out that "twenty-five States, or just 
half the total nund>ei', ])roduce OS per cent of the cotton, 95 per cent 

9 



10 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

of the corn, 95 per cent of tlie barley, 93 per cent of the oats, and from 
eight-tenths to nine-tentlis of the wheat, rj^e, hnckwheat, tobacco, 
potatoes, and hay produced in the entire country." This certainly is 
an unfortunate state of affairs, and one which, in the light of present 
knowledge of crop adaptations, seems unnecessary. At tlie same time, 
it is well to keep in mind the distinction l^etween crops raised for liome 
consumption and those i-aised for export. If, foi* instance, the twenty- 
five States and Territories now producing collectively less than 5 per 
cent of the total output of cereals can, by s(Mecting j)roper varieties, 
grow enough for their own use, they may l»e able to raise for export 
fruits or otlier cr()[)s far more valuable to them than an excess of 
cereals. 

For several years prior to 1897 ' the price of wlieat in the North and 
West was so low as hai-dly to cover the cost of luirvesting, while in the 
Southern States not <Miough was raised for local consumption, and the 
price was correspondingly high. Thus, in 1894 the price of wheat on 
the farm in tlie Dakotas, Oregon, and Washiugton ranged fi'om 39 to 
4G cents per luishel, while in South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia 
it brought from 70 to 87 cents; and in Arizona 1^1. If a wheat can be 
found which may be depended upon to mature a good yield on suit- 
able soils in tlie Southern States great benefit to the people should 
accrue therefrom. Recent investigations carried on in the Biological 
Survey by Prof. C. S. Plumb show that Fultz wheat and the spring or 
May wheats (including red May, early May, late May, big May, and 
others) may be grown successfully, except in the lowlands, in what 
is known as the Austroriparian zone, a belt which covers the greater 
part of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
and central Texas; and that Sonoran and Australian wheat do well in 
the Lower Sonoran belt in Arizona and southern Call fornia. Similarly, 
oats, in the nuiin a Northern crop, has been found to do well in 
the Austroriparian belt of tlie Southern States if proper varieties are 
chosen; and these varieties are the Burt and Red Rust Proof. In the 
case of corn, Moseby's Prolific, Golden Dent, and White Gourd Seed 
seem well adapted to the same belt. So tlu're appears to be no reason 
why cereals can not be grown in the Southern States in quantities 
more than sufficient for local consumption. 

Clotton is the staple crop of the South, far exceeding all others in 
money value. But during 1897 the price of cotton was so low as to 
yield no profit, while at the same time wheat was so high that if a 
fair division of acreage had been made between the two, the Southern 
planters would have realized handsome profits instead of suffering 
financial distress. Attention must be called also to the fact that in 



1 In 1897 the price of wheat was so high that in Oregon and Washington the 
farm value was 70 cents per bushel, and the crop was so large (more than :lS,OU().()0() 
bushels) that its farm vahie in Washington was $ia,()84,7<jl, and in Oregon 
$13,071,632, or a total for the two States of nearly $27,000,000. 



CROPS FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES, 11 

the face of the very large crop and extreme low price of cotton in 1897, 
when onr export amounted to $212,G40,769 (and similarly in 1894, when 
we exjiorted $210,000,000 worth), enormous quantities were imported 
from Eg3'pt. This, while inferior to our Sea Island cotton, is of 
higher grade than our ordinary product and is used "for goods 
re(iuii'ing smooth finish and high luster. It gives to fabrics a soft 
finish somewhat like silk." During the fiscal year 189(j tlie value of 
the ICgyptian cotton imported into this country was more than 
$5,000,000, and in 1897, $4,277,018. This l)riiigs up the important 
question whether we can not, witli the aid of irrigation, raise these 
high-grade varieties in certain parts of the ai'id Southwcsl — in south- 
ern jVrizona and the desert region of southern (California. 

SEA ISLAND AND EGYPTIAN COTTON FOR NEW SECTIONS. 

The histor}' of Sea Island cotton is interesting, as showing how the 
intelligent introduction and cultivation of choice crops in suitable 
climatic areas may yield rich relurns. Dr. Waller II. Evans states 
that the Sea Island cotton, whose fiber is so highly pi*ized, "is indige- 
nous to the Lesser Antilles, and i)robably to San Sahador, the I>aha- 
mas, Barbados, (luadeloupe, and othei* islands between 12' an<l 2()" 
north latitude. By cultivation it has been extended througliout the 
West Indies, the maritime coast of the Southern States, Central iVmer- 
ica, Puei'to Rico, Jamaica, etc., southern Si)ain, .Vlgeria, the islands 
and coast of western ti-opical Africa, Egypt, Island of Bouibon, East 
Indies, Queensland, New South Wales, etc. It may I)e (cultivated in 
any region adapted to the olive and near the sea, the j^rincipal requi- 
site being a hot and humid atmosphere; but the results of acclimati- 
zation indicate that the hunnd atmosphere is not entirely necessary 
if irrigation be employed, as this species is undoulitedly gro\\n 
extensively in Egypt." 

Although the area in which Sea Island cotton is produced in the 
United States is ver}^ small, and although a large qiutntity is manu- 
factured in our country, still the value of the crop exported amounted 
in 1894 to nearly ij;;],0()(),0()(», in 1890 to !tt>;5,810,210, and in 1897 to 
$4,078,044. It is <[uite pi'obable that both Sea Island and Egyptian 
cotton could be cultivated with profit in parts of southern California 
and southwestern Arizona. 

PROFITABLE CROPS FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES. 

lint wheat and cottcm are not the only crops to be gi-own with 
advantage in the South, for the list of fruits, fibei* plants, and other 
agricultural products fit for the. climatic conditions of the Austroripa- 
rian belt is a long one, and a wise selection with reference to home 
consumption and convenient markets is bound to place agriculture 
in the Southern States on a veiy different plane fi-om that which it 
now occupies. 



12 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

Ill northern New York and Wisconsin^ the dairying industry is one 
of the chief sources of revenue, and cheese is a stajjle product. In 
years like the present, when cheese sells at the factory for 8 or 9 
cents — and still worse a few years ago, when it sold for 4 cents — the 
farmer is left at the end of tlie season without return for his labor. 
Yet, most of the lands now devoted almost exclusively to dairying are 
situated in the sugar-beet belt, and are also adapted to several excel- 
lent varieties of wheat and other crops to wliich little or no attention 
is now given. 

WHAT THE FARMER NEEDS TO KNOW. 

The farmers of the United States spend vast sums of money each 
year in trying to find out whether a particular fruit, vegetable, or 
cereal will or will not thrive in localities where it has not been tested. 
Most of these experiments result in disappointment and pecuniary 
loss. It makes little difference whether the crop experimented with 
comes from the remotest parts of the earth or from a neighboring 
State, the result is essentially the same, for the main cost is the labor 
of cultivation and the use of the land. If the crop happens to l)e one 
that requires a period of years for the test^ the loss from its failure is 
pi'oi)ortionately great. 

Tlie cause of failure in the great majority of cases is climatic unfit- 
ness. The quantity, distribution, or interi-elation of heat and moisture 
may be at fault. Thus, while the total ({uantity of heat may be ade- 
quate, the moisture may be ina(le([uate, or the moisture may l)e 
adequate and the heat inadequate, or the (luantities of heat and mois- 
ture may be too great or too small with respect to one anothei* or to 
the time of year, and so on. What the farmer wants to know is hoiv 
f(i tellin advance whether the climatic conditions on his own farm are 
lit or unfit for the particular crop he has in view, and what crops he 
can raise with reasonable certainty. It re(iuiresno argument to show 
that the answers to these questions would be worth in the aggregate 
hundreds of thousands of dollars yearly to the American farmer. The 
I'iiological Survey aims to furnish these answers. 

MAPPING AGRICULTURAL REGIONS. 

From the study of the geographic disti'ibution of our native animals 
and jilants it has been learned that the ITiiited States may be divided 
into seven transcontinental beltsand a nuinbei-of minor areas, each of 
which is adapted to particular associationsof animal and vegetable life. 
It has been found also that each of these belts and minor areas, except 
the coldest, is adapted to the needs of particular agricultural products, 

1 In 1890 New York prodnced 48.8 per cent and Wisconsin 21.3 per cent of tiie 
total ontput of cheese for the country. The New York output in that year was 
134,086,524 pounds. 



MAPPING AURICULTURAL REGIONS. 13 

and that the distribution of native animals and plants maybe coordi- 
nated with the successful distribution of cultivated crops. In other 
words, the study of the geographic distribution of our native or indig- 
enous fauna and flora has resulted in the establishment of a number 
of agricultural belts, each of which comprises several minor divisions 
fit for particular varieties of fruits, cereals, and breeds of live stock. 

Through the intelligent efforts of man the slow i:>rocesses of nature 
have been hastened, so that most fruits and cereals have been made 
to jdeld varieties adapted to a diversity of climatic conditions. The 
happy outcome of this artificial selection is that, while certain 
varieties of wheat, oats, corn, apples, pears, grapes, and so on, thrive 
only in certain limited areas, different varieties thrive in other areas, 
a very large proportion of crops having varieties fit for each of the 
natural agricultural belts of the country. The same is true, though 
pei-haps in less degree, of poultry and live stock. 

The Biological Survey is engaged in tracing with as much precision 
as possible the actual boundaries of these belts and areas, in prepar- 
ing lists of the native or indigenous species, and of the fruits, grains, 
vegetables, and other agricultural i^roducts that are adapted to each. 
In this undei-taking it aims to i)oint out such exotic agricultural and 
horticultu]-al products as, from their importance in other lands, are 
likely to prove of value if introduced on fit soils and under proper 
climatic conditions. In view of the fact that all of the climatic life 
zones of the world, except the hottest tropical, are represented in our 
own country, there can be little doubt that an intelligent study of the 
agricultural products and adaptations of distant lands will result in 
the discovery of fruits, vegetables, fibers, farm crops, and breeds of 
stock which may be introduced into the United States not only with 
profit, but which by diversifying our products and leading to the 
develoi^ment of new industries will render our agricultural resources 
far more stable and certain. 

The colored maps prepared by the liiological Survey furnish the 
first rational basis the American farmer and fruit grower has ever 
had for the intelligent distribution of seeds and the onlj^ reliable guide 
he can find in ascertaining beforehand what croj)s and fruits are likely 
to prove successful on his own farm, wherever it may be located. 
These maps, in connection with the work of the Entomologist, show 
also the belts along which noxious insects are likely to sj)read, fore- 
warning the husbandiJian of impending danger. 

In studying crops with relation to the zones or areas in which they 
may be most profitablj' cultivated considerable progress has been 
made. The results of an investigation of the zone adaptations of 
several hundred varieties of fruits and nuts form a i^art of the pres- 
ent report, and by cooperation with Prof. C. S. Plumb, director of the 
agricultural experiment station at Lafayette, Ind., the more impor- 
tant results of a similar study of the varieties of corn, wheat, and oats 
are also given. 



14 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CALIFORNIA. 

The history of the clevelo[)meiit of a.yriculture in C'aliforiiiH affords 
an excellent exHini)Ie of llie changes in staple pi-oduets that come 
with increased knoAvledge as to the fitness of pailicular areas for par- 
ticular crops. In the early days California was distinctly a iirazing 
State, and hides and wool were the chief expoi-ts. Then wheat came 
to the f ronti, and soon formed the staple pi'oduct. Later it was learned 
that large areas were particularly well suited to the needs of fruits, 
and the fi'uit industry rai)idly grew, until at the present time it 
exceeds even the wheat ci'op in money value. But the fruits from 
which so large a revenue is now derived are only in part those first 
introduced. Fifteen years ago wine grapes were jierhaps the most 
important fruit; now they are of secondary consequence. For a time 
deciduous fruits were the principal ones deemed worthj^ of attention; 
now citrus fruits are of even greater value, the output of oranges and 
lemons in 180(1 being 3,780,000 boxes. Almonds, walnuts, olives, and 
raisins have also come to be important croi)s. Twenty-five years ago 
all our raisins were imported; now California produces annually from 
90,000,000 to 100,000,000 pounds. 

The development of the prune industry is instructive as an illus- 
tration of a common class of cases where products worth hundreds of 
thousands of dollars annuall}' to a single State have been inti-oduced 
by chance rather than as a result of scientific study. The first ijrune 
cuttings are said to have been brought from France, along with cut- 
tings of grapes and other fruits, by a Frenchman who settled at San 
Jose about the end of 185(). For some years little was thought of this 
introduction, and it was not until 1880 and 1881 that serious attention 
was given the cultivation of prunes. But from 18!)o until the present 
year the annual outputi in dry fruit has ranged from 41:, 780, 000 to 
64,500,000 pounds.' 

It is hard to resist the temptation to dwell on the marvelous expan- 
sion of the fruit industry that has taken place in California since the 
climatic adaptations of her various agricultural belts began to l)e 
understood; but for present purposes a statement of the exports of a 
few of her many products for the year 1895 will suftice to give a fair 
idea of the magnitude this industry hasattained. In 1895 California 
shix)ped (),<325 carloads of fresh deciduous fruits; dried fruits, (i,132 
carloads; raisins, 4,638 carloads; canned fruits, 3,129 carloads; citrus 
fruits (mainly oi'anges), 11,582 carloads;'- nuts, 1,333 carloads; wine 
and brandy, 8,056 carloads.^ 



' Statistics from California Fruit Grower. 

-Figures from Fifth Biennial Rept. California State Board of Agriculture. 1S96. 

^From California State Board of Trade. 



VALUE OF NARROW EXTENSIONS OF FAUNAS. 15 

THE ARID REGIONS. 

While considerable progress has been made in ascertaining what 
agricultural products are adapted to the climatic conditions of south- 
ern C/alifornia and southern Arizoiui, this has been done at great 
cost, and nothing like a complete knowledge of the subject has been 
attained. Before this will be possible the life zones and their sub- 
divisions must be accurately mapped and coi-responding arid areas 
in Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, Chile, and Australia must ])e studied 
with reference to agricultural productions which might be introduced 
with profit in proj)er zones in our arid Southwest. Nature has not been 
overgenerous in the distribution of water in this part of our country, 
but she has been lavish in her gifts of soils and climates. The friut 
growers of California were long in finding out that their State com- 
prises all of the agricultural belts of America except the humid 
tropical, and that its different areas are naturally adapted to a great 
diversity of agricultural and horticultural products; and even at the 
present day few realize that in the southern half of the State hun 
dreds of farms might be so laid out with reference to the mountain 
slopes that each would embrace sections of all the agricultural belts, 
enabling the fortunate husbandman to produce not only early and late 
ripenings of small fruits and garden vegetables, but also an astound- 
ing diversity of crops, from the apples, cherries, potatoes, and hardy 
cereals of the upper Transition and lower edge of the Boreal belts, to 
the oranges, lemons, almonds, olives, and cotton of the Lower Sonoran 
zone, and in certain localities the pineapple, date, and citron of the 
arid Tropical areas. It is probably not too much to say that an accu- 
rate map of the agricultural belts of California in the early days 
would have saved the State in the aggregate millions of dollars that 
have been expended in finding out what crops are best adapted to 
particular areas, and altliough much has now been learned by pei'- 
sistent and costly experiments, such a map would still be of very 
great value. 

SPECIAL VALUE OF NARROW EXTENSIONS OF FAUNAS. 

In looking at the map of the life zones (see frontispiece), it will be 
seen that nearly all of the belts and areas send out long ai-ms which 
penetrate far into the heart of adjoining areas. When such arms 
occupy suitable soils in thickly inhabited regions, so that their prod- 
ucts may be conveniently marketed, they are of more than ordinary 
value, for the greater the distance from its area of jjrincipal produc- 
tion a crop can be made to succeed, the higher price it will command. 
Hence, farms favorably situated in northern prolongations or islands 
of southern zones, or in southern prolongations or islands of northern 
zones, should be worth considerably more per acre than those situated 
within normal parts of the same zones. The obvious reason is that 



16 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

by i^iowiui;- particular crops at points remote fi-oiu the usual sources 
of supply, and at the same tiuie conveniently near a market, the cost 
of transportation is greatly reduced and the profit correspondingly 
increased. 

Among! lie numerous faunal arms wliich peneti-ate adjacent belts are 
the Hudst)n, central New York, aud Michigan extensions of the Caro- 
linian fauna, and the arms of tlie Lower Sonoran fauna Avhich occujiy 
the valleys of the Pecos and Rio Grande in New Mexico and the val- 
ley of the Lower Virgin in Utah. The latter is a good case for illus- 
tration. Tt is not only the sole Lower Sonoran area in Utah, but lies 
nearly 'M)() miles in a straight line, and a little more than 1,000 miles 
by railroad, fj'om the nearest point where similar crops and fruits are 
commercially produced. It is an insular pocket or basin, completely 
hemmed in by mountains, and marks the extreme northeastern exten- 
sion of the typical Sonoran desert fauna and flora. The creosote 
bush, mesquite, desert willow, Gregg acacia, and other Sonoran 
shrubs, and the Gaml)el (|uail, Le Conte and crissal thrashers, mock- 
ing bird, cactus wren, yellow-headed tit, Abert chewink, black phaino- 
pejila, vermilion flycatchei', and Texas nighthawk serve as a guide 
to its faunal position. The valley is traversed by the Virgin River 
and its tributary, the Santa Clara, which, together with copious 
springs, aflCord water for irrigation. It contains the Mormon settle- 
ments St. George, Santa Clai-a, Toquerville, and a few others of 
snmller size, with an aggregate population of about 3,000. Among 
the important products are cotton, tobacco, i-aisin grai)es, almonds, 
olives, and figs; and among the ornamental shade trees are the pe])- 
per tree, tobacco tree, and China tree or Pride of India. The fertility 
of the soil is marked and the limit of its agricultural capacity, meas- 
ured either by number of varieties or quantity of output, is still far 
in the future. Nevertheless, present production greatly exceeds the 
I30ssibilities of local consumption, as shown by the cotton crop, which, 
for the year 1890-!)7, was no less than 128 bales of 500 pounds each, 
and was worth $-4,30o. ^ A feature of special interest in relation to 
the future possibilities of the valley is the fact that the yield of cot- 
ton per acre is very much higher than in any other State of the Union, 
and more than double tliat of the Gulf States. Wlmt is true of cot- 
ton is true in greater or less degree of fruits and other crops. There 
can be little question, therefore, that when railroad connection with 
nortliern Utah is established, the St. George Valley is bound to play 
an important part in the history and commercial prosperity of the 
young State. 

The case of this remote valley brings into prominence the necessity 
for studying a much neglected subject, and one on which profitable 



'Statistics from John Hyde, Statistician, Dept. of Agric, in Circ. 8, Div. of 
Statistics. 



NECESSITY OF ZONE MAPS. 17 

agvieiiltiire A^eiy largely depends. It is not enough to succeed in 
growing crops well adapted to a particular localit}^, for bountiful 
crops are of little value unless tliej^ can be profitably marketed. But 
in order to reach the best markets it is necessary to ascertain the 
prices various products bring from year to year in different parts of 
the country, to make quantitative studies of production and con- 
sumption, to avoid overproduction, to study statistics of our imports 
and exports, and give thonghtful attention to (juestions of transpor- 
tation; in short, to study commercial geography, at least so far as it 
relates to the products of one's own farm. 

The number and value of the exotic croi)s now grown suc(;essfnlly 
in the United States, swelling our revenue by many millions of dol- 
lars, is a monument to the industry, perseverance, and determination 
of the American people, but affords little clue to the multitude of 
failures and the enormous sums of money lost in experimentation. 
And it must be adnntted that a very large pi-oportion of these costly 
experiments have been conducted l)lindly, or at least Avithout the aid 
of the scientific knowledge so necessary to success. As Professor 
Hilgard states in a recent report, "the farmer is left to his own devices 
to find his way as best he may; and we grope along laljoriousl}^ gath- 
ering driblets of information here and there, and gradually, tenta- 
tively putting them together into a more or less connected whole." It 
is not so with other induslries. Kailroad corporations planning new 
lines study toi)ograpliic maps and employ skilled engijieers that they 
may ascertain the most feasible routes; capitalists having in view the 
purchase of mining pi-operties employ experienced mineral experts 
thati they nuiy learn the direction, extent, and value of the mineral- 
bearing rocks; manufacturers employ not only skilled artisans, but 
also expert machinists, chemists, and electrical engineers that their 
ap[)aral us and metliods may yield the fullest returns. But the fai-mer 
in his struggle with the soil has none of these resources, and as a rule 
has little capital to risk in experiments. 

The Biological Survey aims to assist him I)}' laying before him maps 
of the agricultural l)elts and their subdivisions, with lists of the crops 
suited to each. These maps, studied with reference to the commer- 
cial availability of the different agricultural areas, including the 
various arms or extensions of the life zones, and with due respect to 
the density of population and facilities for transportation, are believed 
to contain much that will l)e found useful to the progressive student 
of agriculture. 

1002— ]!^o. iO 2 



PART 11. 



LIFE ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES : BOUNDARIES, NATIVE 
SPECIES, AND IMPORTANT CROPS. 

The continent of North .VnioiMca may be divided, according" to the 
distribution of its animals and plants, into three i^rimary transconti- 
nental regions — Boreal, Austral, and Tropical. 

The Boreal region (colored green on tlie map) covers the whole of 
the northern part of the continent, from the polar sea southward to 
near the northern boundary of the United States, and farther south 
occupies a naiTow strip along the Pacific coast and the higher jiarts 
of the three great mountain systems, the Sierra-Cascade Range, the 
Rocky Mountains, and the Alleghanies. 

The Austral region (colored blue, yellow, and brown on the map) 
covers the whole of tlie United States and Mexico except the Boreal 
mountains and Tropical lowlands. 

The Tropical region (colored red on the map) covers the southern 
part of the peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, 
the lowlands of southern Mexico south of the tal)le-land, and a nar- 
row strip on each side of ^Mexico, which follows the coast northward 
into the United States. 

The fauna and flora within each of these three great i-egions are not 
homogeneous, but present nmrked differences, Avliich have led to the 
subdivision of each region into a number of minor l>elts or areas, char- 
acterized by particular associations of aninmls and plants. Thus, the 
Boreal region is divided into three transcontinental belts oy zones, 
known respectively as the Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian; the 
Austral region, into three transcontinental belts, known as the Tran- 
sition, Upper Austral, and Lower Austral. The Tropical region is 
likewise divisible, but the tropical areas within the United States are 
of such small extent that the divisions need not be here considered. 
Hence, in North America north of southern Mexico, the total number 
of transcontinental life zones is seven, of which three are Boreal, 
three Austral, and one Tropical. Beginning at the north, these zones 
may be described as follows : 

1. THE ARCTIC-ALPINE ZONE. 

The Arctic or Arctic- Alpine zone lies above the limit of tree growth 
and is characterized by such plants as the arctic poppy, dwarf willow, 
and various saxifrages and gentians. In the far north the snow bunt- 
ing, snowy owl, ptarmigan, polar bear, arctic fox, polar hare, lemmings, 

18 



THE HUDSONIAN AND CANADIAN ZONES. 19 

musk ox, and barren-j^round caribou or reindeer, are characteristic 
animals. Within the United States the Arctic-Alpine zone is restricted 
to the area above timber-line on the summits of high mountains. It 
is inhabited by arctic-alpine plants and animals, and is far too cold 
for a.yriculture. 

2. THE HUDSONIAN ZONE. 

The Iludsonian zone comprises the nortliern part of the great trans- 
continental coniferous forest — a forest of spruces and tirs stretching 
from Labrador to Alaska — and the upper timbered slopes of the higher 
mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the north it is inhali- 
ited by the wolverine, woodland caribou, moose, rough-legged hawk, 
great gray owl, great northern shrike, pine bullfinch, white-winged 
crossbill, wiiite-crowned sparrow, and fox sparrow. In the eastern 
United States the Iludsonian zone is restricted to the cold summits of 
the highest mountains, where it occurs in the form of a chain of widely 
separated islands reaching from northern New England to western 
North Carolina. In the western United States it covers the higher 
slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra-Cascade sj^stem, and is 
the home of the mountain goat, mountain sheei), conej" or pika, alpine 
flying squirrel, Clark's crow or nutcracker, evening grosbeak, and 
Townsend's solitaire. Like the preceding, this zone is of no agricul- 
tural importance. 

3. THE CANADIAN ZONE. 

The Canadian zone comprises the southern part of the great traus- 
continental conifei'ous forest of Canada, the nortliern parts of ]\Iaine, 
New Hampshire, and Michigan, a striii along the Pacific coast reach- 
ing as far south at least as C^ape Mendocino in California, and the 
greater part of the high mountains of the LTnited States and Mexico. 
In the East it covers the Green Mountains, Adirondacks, and Catskills, 
and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, 
western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. In the mountains of 
the AV^est it covers the lower slopes in the north and the higher sloj)es 
in the south. In the Rocky Mountain region it appears to reach con- 
tinuously from British Columbia to west central Wyoming; and in the 
C^ascade Range, from British Columbia to southern Oregon, wdth a nar- 
row interruption along the Columbia River. Among the many charac- 
teristic mammals and birds of the Canadian zone are the lynx, marten, 
porcupine, northern red and pine squirrels, varying and snowshoe 
rabbits, star nose, Brewer's and Gibb's moles, water slirew^, voles, 
and long-tailed shrews of various species, northern jumping mice, 
Belding's and Kennicott's ground squirrels, white-throated si^arrow, 
Blackburnian, yellow-rumped, and Audubon's warblers, olive-backed 
thrush, three-toed woodpeckers, spruce and dusky grouse, crossbills, 
and Canada jays. Counting from the north, this zone is the first of 
any agricultural importance. Wild berries — as currants, huckleber- 



20 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

ries, blackberries, niid cranberries — grow iu profusion, and the beech- 
nut (in tlie East) is an important food of the native birds and mam- 
mals. In favored spots, particularly along the southern border, white 
potatoes, turnips, beets, and the more hardy Russian apples and 
cereals may be cultivated with moderate success. 

4. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 

The Transition zone (colored blue on the map) is the transconti- 
nental belt in which Boreal and Austral elements overlap. From 
New England to the northern Rocky Mountains its course is fairly 
even and regular, but west of the Great Plains it is tortuous and 
irregular (see map). The zone as a whole is characteiized by com- 
paratively few distinctive animals and plants, but rather by the occur- 
rence together of southei'n species Avliich here find their northern 
limit and northern species wliich here tind their southern limit. It 
may be subdivided into three fauiuil areas, Avhich, although gi-ading 
into one another, are in the main strikingly different: {(i) An eastern 
humid or AlTeglianian area : {!>) a it'e.sfern arid area; {>■) a Pacific coast 
humid area. In the Transit ion zone we enter from the north the true 
agricultural part of oui- country, Avliere many vegetables, the sugar 
beet, chicory, oats, and numerous varieties of apples, plums, cherries, 
pears, grapes, white potatoes, and cereals attain their highest perfec- 
tion. These will be considered more in detail under the subdivisions 
of the zone. 

(a) The Alleghanian Faunal Area. 

The eastern humid or A.IIe</]ai>iiaii area comprises the greater part 
of New England, southeastern Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, 
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, northeastern 
South Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia. 
Its fauna and tiora are not homogeneous, but i^oint to an important 
subdivision west of Lake Michigan, where numerous species occur that 
do not inhabit the area east of this lake. A glance at the accompany- 
ing list of apples, where a cross in front of the variety indicates its 
absence from Wisconsin and Minnesota, nuiy be taken as an index to 
the horticultural importance of this Upper Mississippi subdivision. In 
the Alleghanian faunal area the chestnut, walnut, oaks, and hickories 
of the South meet and overlap the beech, birch, hemlock, and sugar 
maple of the Nortli; the Souther Ji mole and cottontail rabbit meet 
the Northern star-nosed and Brewer's moles and varying hare, and 
the Southern bobwhite, Baltimore oriole, bluebird, catbird, chewink, 
thrasher, and wood thrush live in or near the haunts of the bobolink, 
solitary vireo, and the hermit and AVilson's thrushes. Several native 
nuts, of which the beechnut, butternut, chestnut, hazelnut, hickory 
nut, and Avalnul are most important, grow wild in this belt. Of these, 



THE TRANSITION ZONE. 



21 



the chestnut, hickory nut, and walnut Cv^ine iu from the South (Caro- 
linian area) and do not extend inucli beyond the southern or warmer 
parts of the AUeghanian area. 

Crops of the Alleghanian Faunai. Area. 

Varieties prefixed by a cross ( + ) do not thrive in the Upper Missis- 
sippi section of the Transition zone (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the 
eastern Dakotas), except in eastern Wisconsin in the vicinity of Green 
Bay. Those followed b}^ the letters (n) or (.s) in this and the follow- 
ing lists are practically restricted, respectively, to the northern or 
southern parts of the areas under consideration. Similarly the letter 
(h) indicates that the variety is confined to the hottest parts of the 
zone and belongs more properly to the zone below. Credit is due to 
Mr. William A. Taylor for marking the f ruitN in accordance with this 
plau. The numerals (;.^) and (3) indicate that the cereals thus 
marked are second or third rate in the area under consideration. 

CEREALS. 



Wheat. 



Australian (3). 
+Clawson. 
Fultz (J). 
Ladoga. 

+American Banner. 
Black Tartarian. 
Lincohi. 



Red Fife. 

Saskatchewan Fife. 
Scotch Fife. 



Oats. 



Welcome. 
White Russian. 



Corn. 



Angel of Midnight. 
+Canadian Eight-Row Yellow P'lint. 
King Philip. 
Longfellow. 



Pride of the North. 

Squaw (.'). 

Stowell Evergreen ( .' and local). 



Barley. 

Eye. 

Buckirheat. 



FRUITS. 



Alexander. 

+ Bailey S»wf (s). 

+Baker. 

+Baldwin. 



Apples. 



-|-Benoni (.s-). 
+Bietigheimer (s). 
-f-Blenheim. 
-f-Blue Pearmain. 



' The nomenclature of fruits is that adopted by the American Pomological 
Society (Bull. 6, Div. Pomology. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1897). Synonyms 
(indicated by parenthesis) and all descriptive terms which will be eliminated 
eventually, are printed in italics. A comma indicates a transposition of part of 
the name. 



22 



TJFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



FRUITS — continued. 
Ajjjile-'^ — Continued. 



+Bnnocli (American Golden Buftset). 

+Canada Reinette. 

-f Chenango (s). 

-|-Clyde Beauty. 

+Cog.swell (s). 

^ Dan vers (s). 

-j-Domine (.s). 

-|-Dutcli Mignonne (s). 

+Dyer (Pomnic Royal) (s). 

+Early Harvest. 

+Early Ripe (.s). 

+Early Strawberry (s). 

4-EsopQS Spitzenburg. 

+Ewalt (.s). 

-fFall Pipiiin. 

+Famense. 

-f Garden Royal. 

-fGolden Russet. 

+aolden Russet (N. Y.) (.s). 

-f-dolden Sweet. 

-f (3-ravenstein. 

-fCireen Sweet. 

Haas [Fall Queen) [Mississippi Val- 
leyj. 
4-Hightop Su-eet. 
+Hnbbardston. 
-fHinit Russet. 
+Jefferis (.s). 
-fJeflferson County, 
-fjewett Red. 
+Jonathan (s). 
+Keswick (,s'). 

Longfield. 
4-Lowell (.<). 
-fMclntosh. 

McMahon. 
4-Maiden Blush (.s). 
-{-Margaret, Early Red (s). 
+Me]on, Norton (.s). 
-f Minister. 
-(-Montreal Peach. 
-|-Moore Sweet («)• 

Crab 

Beach. 

Brier. 
-I-Elgin. 

Excelsior. 

Gibb. 
-fHyslop. 

Martha. 

Marengo. 



-f Mother (.s). 

-(-Newtown Spitzenburg (s). 
-(-Northern Spy. 
-(-Ohio Nonpareil (s). 

Oldenburg. Duchess of. 
-(-Ontario. 
-(-Peck Pleasant. 
-(-Perry Russet. 

Pewaukee. 
-(-Pomme Gris. 
-f-Porter (.s). 
-(-Primate (.s). 

-(-Pumpkin Sweet {Pound Sweet). 
-(-Rambo (.s). 
-(-Red Astrachan. 
-(-Red Canada. 
-(-Rhode Island Greening. 
-(-Ribston. 
-^Rolfe. 

Roman Stem. 
-fRoxbury. 
-(-Saint Lawrence. 
-|-Scott Winter. 
-(-Shiawassee, 
-f Sops of Wine, 
-f Sterling {America u Beauty). 
-(-Summer Pear main (.s). 
-(-Sutton. 
-(-Swaar (.s*). 

Tetofski. 
-j-Tolman Su-eet. 
-(-Tompkins King. 
-(-Twenty-Ounce. 
-(-Vandevere (s). 
-(-Wagener. 

Wealthy. 

Westfield. 
-(-Williams Favorite. 
-(-Wine, Hays (s). 

Wolf River. 

Yellow Transparent. 

apples. 

Minnesota. 
Montreal. 
Orange. 
Red Siberian. 
Transcendent. 
-(-Van Wyck. 
Whitney No. JO. 
Yellow Siberian. 



THE TRANSITION ZONE. 



23 



FRUITS — continued. 



Cherries. 



+Archcluke. 

Bessarabian. 
+ Black Heart (s). 
+Bnttner, YeUow (s). 
-(-('hoisy. Belle de. 
-fCoe T)-((Ji spa rent (s). 
-t-Donna Maria (.s). 
+Downer (.s). 
+Dyehoase (s). 
+Ea5?le, Black (s). 
+Early Pnrple Gidgne (.s). 
+EIton (.s). 

-f-Engenie, Empress (s). 
+Florence (.s). 
-(-Hortense, Reine (s), 
+Hovey (.s). 



Albert, Prince. 
+Cherry. 
+Fay Prolific (s). 

Holland, Long Bunch. 
+London Red (s). 

Red Dutch. 



Late Kentish. 

Lutovka. 
+Magnlfique, Belle (.s). 
+Mayduke (.s). 
-f-Montmorency Large. 
+Montmorency Ordinaire. 

Morello, Englisli. 
-j-NapoIeon (.s). 
+01ivet (..s)- 
+Philippe, Louis (s). 
+Piumstone Morello (.s'). 

Richmond. 
+ Tar tar i an , Bla ck. 
+Windsor. 
+Wood, (lorernor. 



Cranberries. 



Curraids. 



+Red Grape. 
+Versaillaise. 

Victoria. 

White Dutch. 

White Grape. 



Black currants. 



Champion (,s). 
English (.s). 



Agawani. 
+ Barry. 

Brighton. 

Champion. 

Clinton. 

Concord. 

Cottage. 
+Diana. 

Lindley. 

+Andrews. 

+Angouleme, Duchess de (s). 

+An3on (,s). 

+Bartlett (.s). 

4-Bosc (s). 

+Boussock (.s), 

+Brandywine (s). 

+Buffum. 

-I-Clairgeau (s). 

+Clapp Favorite (s). 



Naples (.s). 
+ Wales, Prince of (s). 



Grapes. 



-f Martha. 

Moore Early. 
+Salem. 

Vergennes. 

Victor, Early. 
+ Wilder. 

Winchell ((ireen Mountain). 

Worden. 



Pears. 



4-Columl)ia (.s)- 

+Dana Hovey (.s). 

+ Diel. 

+Dix. 

4-Elizabeth, Manning. 

+ Flemish Beauty. 

+Fulton. 

+Giffard (.s). 

+Goodale. 

+Howell is). 



24 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



FRUITS — continued. 
Pears — Con tinned. 



-f Julienne (.s)- 
-{-Lawrence («)• 
-fLonise Bonne de Jersey. 
-|-Lucrative (.s). 
-fMcLaughlin. 
-t-Madeleine (s). 
-f-Malines, JoHepliine de (s). 
+Onondaga is). 
4-Osband Hummer (s). 



-f- Arctic, Moore. 

Aubert, YeUon: 
-l-Bavay Green Gage. 

De Soto. 
-{-Diamond, Blaek (s). 

Downing, Charles. 
-f Drap d'Or (s). 
-f-Duane Fnrj>le (.s). 
-fEngleliert (s). 

Forest G<(fde)i. 
-[-German Prune (.s). 
-|- Golden Drop, Coe (.s). 
4-Grand Duke (.s). 

Green Gage. 
-f-Hudson River Purple Egg (s). 
-f-Hulings Superb {s). 
-{-Imperial Gage (.s). 
-|- Jefferson (.s). 
-{-Kingston (s). 
-{-Lawrence Favorite (s). 

Lombard. 



-{-Pound. 

-{-Rostiezer (.s). 

-fSeckel (.s-)- 

-fSheldon (.s). 

-(-Souvenir du Congress (s). 

-\ Sterling. 

-(-Summer Doyenne (,s). 

-{-Tyson. 



Plnnts. 



-{-McLaughlin. 

Moldavka. 
-(-Monroe Egg (s). 
-f-Orleans (s). 
-{-Ottoman (s). 
-{-Pond {Hungarian Prune). 
-{-Purple Gage (.s). 
-f Quackenboss {s). 

Richland. 

Rollingstone. 
-f Shropshire (.s). 
-(-Smith Orleans (s). 
-(-Transparent Gage (s). 
-{-Wales, Prince of (s). 
-{-Wangenheim (s')- 
-{-Washington (.s). 

Weaver. 

Wolf. 

Wyant. 

Yellow Egg. 



Quinces. 

Orange (Ajiple) (s). 

Strau-herries. 



Bubach No. 5. 

Crescent. 

Cumberland. 

Downing, Charles. 

Eureka (.s')- 

Haverland. 

Jessie. 



Flax (s). 
Hops. 

Maple sugar. 
Sorghum (s). 



Michel Early (.s). 

Miner. 

Princess. 

Sharpless. 

Warfield. 

Wilson. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



Sugar beet. 
Sweet CO)- It. 
White potatoes. 



THE TRANSITION ZONE. 25 

(b) The Arid Transition Faunal Area. 

The western or arid division of tlie Transition zone comprises the 
western part of the Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rocky 
Mountains, southern Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba 
and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau 
region generally (except the Boreal Mountains), the eastern base of 
the Cascade-Sierra system, and local areas still farther west, in Ore- 
gon and California, where it merges into the humid Pacific C-oast 
division. 

In the western arid Transition area the true sage brush {Artemisia 
tridentata) is the prevailing type of vegetation, although extensive 
tracts are covered with noble forests of the yellow or bull pine {Pinus 
jponderosa) and subspecies.^ The sage hen aud sliarj)-tailed grouse, 
green-tailed towhee, white-tailed jackral)bit {Lepus catnpesti'is), pal- 
lid voles (subgenus Lagurus), and certain ground squirrels are char- 
acteristic species. In the northern parts of the Great Basin (northern 
and eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and northwestern 
Idaho) the large Columbia or Lewis and Clark ground s(j[uirrel (*S/>e/'- 
mopliihis colli mhianus) is common in the Transition zone, wdience it 
ranges nortliward into the Boreal. East of the Rocky Mountains, on 
the northern plains (in North Dakota, northern Montana, and parts 
of Assiniboia and Manitoba), it is replaced by a ver}^ different spe- 
cies {8. richardsoni), which resembles a small prairie dog {Cijnonitjs) 
so closely that it is often mistaken for that animal. 

Crops of the Arid Transition Faunal Area. 

[Lists very iiiooniitlete.] 
CEREALS. 

WJieat. 

Ladoga. Saskatchewan Fife (S). 

Red Fife. Scotch Fife. 

Oats. 

American Banner. Welcome. 

Black Tartarian, "White Russian. 

Lincoln. 

Corn. 

Angel of Midnight (?). Longfellow (,?). 

Canadian Eight-Row Yellow Flint (C). Squaw. 

King Philip (;/). Stowell Evergreen (,?). 

' Among the distinctive humbler plants which recur throughout the pine belt from 
Arizona to Oregon two small shrubs, Berberis repena and Ceanothus fetidleri, are 
conspicuous. Gilia aggregata, a small plant with handsome red flowers, is also 
common in this belt. 



26 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



CEREALS — continued. 

Barley. 

Rye. 

Buckwheat. 



Ajjjjh's. 



Alexander. 

Baldwin. 

Dutch Mignonne. 

Dyer {Poinrne Royal). 

Early Harvest. 

Early Strawberry. 

Esopus Spitzenhurg. 

Fameuse. 

Golden Russet. 

Golden Sweet. 

Gravenstein. 

Higlitop Sioeet. 

Hubbardston. 

Jefferis. 

Jonathan. 

Keswick. 

Longfield. 

Lowell. 

Maiden Blush. 

Monmouth. 

Mother. 

Newtown Spitzenburg. 

Northern Spy. 

Oldenburg, Duchess of. 

Pewankee. 

Archdvike. 
Choisy, Belle de. 

Wilder. 

Angouleme. Duchess de 

Anjou. 

Bartlett. 

Bosc. 

Boussock. 

Brandywine. 

Clairgeau. 

Clapp Favorite. 

Columbia. 



Porter. 

Primate. 

Rambo. 

Red Astrachan. 

Rhode Island Greening. 

Roman Stem. 

Rome Beauty. 

Roxbury. 

Sops of Wine. 

Summer Pearmain. 

Swaar. 

Tetofski. 

Tolman Sioeet. 

Tompkins King. 

Twenty-Ounce. 

Wagener. 

Wealthy. 

Westfield. 

Williams Favorite. 

Wine, Hays. 

Winesap. (?) 

Wolf River. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. 

Yellow Transparent. 



Clierries. 

Ostheimer ]Veichsel. 

Grapes. 

Worden. 

Pears. 

Easter Beurre. 
Flemish Beavty. 
Lawrence. 
Lucrative. 
Onondaga. 
Osband Summer. 
Seckel. 
Tyson. 
Winter Nelis. 



1 At the present time the culture of fruits enumerated under the Arid Transition 
faunal area is confined largely to western Montana, Idaho, eastern Washington, 
eastern Oregon, and parts of Utah. 



THE TRANSITION ZONE. 27 

FRUITS — continued. 

Plums. 

De Soto. Forest Garden. 

Stra^cherries. 

Bubach No. 5. Jessie. 

Captain Jack, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

White potatoes. 

Flax. 

Sugar beet. 

{(') The Pacific Coast Transition Faunae Area. 

The liuinid Pacific Coast division of the Transition zone comjirises 
tlie western parts of Washington and Oregon between the coast moun- 
tains and tlie Cascade Range, parts of northern CVilifornia, and most 
of the coast region of California from near Cape Mendocino south- 
ward to tlie Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it 
passes into the Arid Transition, and in places into the Upper Sonoran. 

In the Pacific Transition area, unusual conditions prevail. The 
region as a whole is one of great humidity, and in places on the north- 
west coast the animal rainfall reaches 100 inches. Tlie northern and 
more humid part is covered b}^ a magnificent coniferous forest, car- 
peted with moss and ferns, and often choked with undergrowth. 
The prevailing trees are Douglas fir, Pacific cedar, Western hemlock, 
and Sitka spruce, wliose majestic trunks attain an average height of 
more than 200 feet. Tliei'C are also many broad-leaf maples, tree 
alders, madroiias and Westei'ii dogwoods, and numerous kinds of 
shrul)s,^ a goodly proportion of which aspire to the size of small trees. 
Among the l)irds which Inhabit these forests are the dark Pacific 
Coast forms of the great-horned, spotted, screech, and pigmy owls, 
the sooty grouse and handsome Oregon ruffed grouse, Steller's jay, the 
chestnut-backed chickadee, and the Pacific winter wren. Among the 
mammals are the Columbia black-tail deer. Western raccoon, Oregon 
spotted skunk, Doug'las red squirrel, Townsend's chipmunk, peculiar 
species of i:)ocket gopliers and voles, the curious (ribb's mole, and the 
remarkable tailless sewellel {Aplodonfia riifa). 

In the Puget Sound region and most of the cultivated parts of 
western Washington the annual rainfall is 50 to 60 inches; in western 
Oiegon it is still less, decreasing in the Willamette, Umpqua, and 
Rogue River vallej^s from about 50 to less than 30 inches.-' In the 



' Among the small shrubs perhaps none are more characteristic and wide- 
spread than the salal (Gaultheria shallon). thimble berry {Rubus nootkanns), 
salmon berry (Rubus sjiectabilis) , Oregon grape (Berberis nervosa), and in wet 
places the devil's club (Echinopanax hofridum). 

- Rainfall of tlie Pacific Slope and tlie Western States and Territories, by Gen. 
A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer, and Lieut. W. A. Glassford, assistant, 1888, 



28 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

last-mentioned valleys the summer rainfall (May to September) is less 
than 5 inches, while in western Washington (not inclnding the coast 
or mountains) it varies from 5 to 1 inches. The region as a whole is 
one of relatively uniform temperature, the wide seasonal differences 
usual in other parts of the Ti-ansition zone being unknown. The 
temperature of the summer season, the hottest part of the year, is 
phenomenally low for the latitude, enaliling northern or Boreal types to 
push south as far as latitude 35°. On the other liand, the summer sea- 
son is so prolonged (from the standpoint of temperature) that the total 
quantity of heat for the entire season is phenomenally high for the 
latitude, enabling southei-n or Austral species to pusli north as far as 
Puget kSouiuI, where the total quantity of heat is even greater than at 
Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cleveland, and Omaha, although Puget 
Sound is 500 miles north of the latitude of these places. Even at 
Vii])e Flatter}" — the extreme northwestern point of the United States — 
which is exposed throughout the j^ear to the (;old coast fogs, the total 
quantity of heat is 500° F. greater than at Eastport, Me., although 
the latter is the more southern locality and has the liigher mean 
summer temperature. The Ioav summer temperature along the Pacific 
Coast permits northern species to come far south, while the high sum 
total of heat enables southern species to push northward as far as 
Puget Sound. Such an extensive overlapping of 13oreal and Austral 
faunas does not occur elsewhere in North Ameri(^a, and foi- the 
evident reason that no area approacliing it in exteut has so equable a 
temperature. 

In most parts of the United States it is easj" to distinguish the 
boundaries between the Ti'ansition and Upper Austral zones, but in 
the Pacific Transition area these distinctions are nearly obliterated, 
a large proportion of the species ranging in common over both belts. 

To the southward, particularly away from the coast, where the 
Pacifi(^ Transif ion area receives less nuuSture and more summer heat 
and the seasonal changes of temperature are greater, the faunal rela- 
tions become more and more complex. The decrease in humidity 
allows Arid Transition species to creep in, while the increase in total 
quantity of heat bi'ings with it a nuirked increase in the number of 
Tapper Sonoran sjiecies, so tliat types ordinarily characteristic of the 
humid Pacific Transition, the Arid Transition, and the Upper Sonoran 
occur together.' The total quantitj^ of heat in most parts of the Wil- 
lamette and Rogue River valleys is about l',000° F. more than in 
the l^uget Sound region, and is as great as on the adjacent plains of 
the C'Ohnnbia and slightly greater than at St. Louis, Mo., and Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

These warmer and less humid parts of the Pacific Transition area. 



' Hood River, at the north base of the Cascade Range in Oregon, is situated in 
tlie belt of overlapping, where the humid Pacific Transition of the gorge of the 
Columbia merges into the arid Upper Sonoran of the adjacent Great Basin. 



THE TRANSITION ZONE. 



29 



as the Willamette, Umjjqiia, aud Rogue River valle3^s in Oregon, and 
numerous small areas in California, are adapted to a niucli wider 
range of agrieultni-al products than normal parts of the same zone, 
and are conspicuous for the large number of Upper Austral fruits 
which may he cultivated Avitli success. In passing southward from 
the I*uget Sound region this increase in Austral varieties is very 
marked, but it is poorly indicated in the following list: 

Crops of the Pacific Coast Transition Faunal Area. 





CEREALS. 




Wheat. 


Red Fife (,?). 






Oats. 


American Banner {2). 


Welcome. 


Black Tartarian (J) . 


White Russian. 


Lincoln {.J). 






Corn. 


King Philip. 


Stowell Evergreen (2). 


Pride of the North {J). 






Buckwheat. 




FRUITS. 




Apples. 


Baldwin. 


Ram bo (.s)- 


Ben Davis (.s). 


Red Astrachan. 


Blue Pearmain. 


Red June (.s). 


Early Harvest (s). 


Rhode Island Greening. 


Esopns. 


Sops of Wine. 


Fall Pippin (.s). 


Swaar. 


Gravenstein. 


Tompkins King. 


Jonathan (.s). 


Wagener. 


Keswick. 


Wealthy. 


Maiden Blnsh. 


Winesap (.s). 


Mon^nouth. 


* Yellow Bellfiower {s). 


Northern Spy. 


Yellow Newtown Piirpin {s 


Oldenburg, Duchess of. 


Yellow Transparent. 




CJierries. 


Advance. California. 


Richmond {Kentish). 


Bing. 


Rock port. 


Centennial. 


Spanish, Yellow. 


Coe Transparent. 


Tartarian, Black. 


Elton. 


Windsor. 


Lewelling {Black Republican). 


Wood, Governor. 


Napoleon {Royal Ann). 






Cranberries. 




Currants. 


Black Naples. 


Red Dutch. 


Cherry. 


Victoria. 


Fay Prolific. 


White Grape. 



30 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



Concord. 
Isabella. 

Hale. 

Bartlett. 
Bosc (s)- 
Boiissock. 

Clairgeau (.s). 
Clapp Favorite. 



FRUITS — continued. 

Oooseberries. 

Grapes. 

Moore Early. 
Peaches. 
Pears. 

Flemish Beatdy. 
Seckel (.s). 
Tyson («)• 
Winter Nelis (s). 

Plmns (indudiiKj iwunes). 



Agen {French, Petite, etc.) (.s). 

Columbia. 

Doscli. 

German Pvune. 

Golden Drop, Coe (s). 

Golden Prime (s). 

Bubacli, No. 5. 
Clark Seedling.^ 
Crescent. 
Everbearing. 
Jessie. 



Alfalfa {s). 

Hojjs. 

Suga)' beet («)• 



Italian {Fellenherg) (.s). 
Pond {Hungarian Prune). 
Silver Prune {s). 
Tragedy (.s)- 
Yellow Egg. 



Straicberries. 

Monarch. 

Perry. 

Sharpless. 

Vick. 

Wilson Albany. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sweet corn. 
White potatoes. 



5. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



The irpper Austral zone (colored yellowish on tlie niai)) may be 
divided into two large and important faunal areas — an eastern liiimid 
or CaroUnian area and a western arid or Upper Sonoran area, whicli 
pass insensibly into one another in the neighborliood of the one hnn- 
dredtli meridian. They may be described separately. 

{a) The Carolinian Faunal Area. 

The Cai'olinian faunal area (colored yellowisli, spotted with red, on 
the map) occupies the larger part of the Middle States, except the 
mountains, covering southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, 
Kansas, and part of Oklahoma; nearly the whole of Iowa, Missouri, 
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, and Delaware; more than half of 
West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and New Jersey, and large 
areas in Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, 

'Markedly successful at Hood River, Oregon, where the Pacific or humid divi- 
sion of the Transition zone merges into the arid Upper Sonoran. 



THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



31 



New York, Micliig'an, and southern Ontario. On the Atlantic coast 
it reaches from near the mouth of Cliesapeake Ba}^ to southern Con- 
necticut, and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Connecticut 
and Hudson rivers. A little farther west another slender arm is sent 
northward, following' the east shore of Lake Michigan nearly or quite 
to Grand Travei-se Bay. These arms, like nearly all narrow north- 
ward prolongations of southern zones, do not carry the complete 
faunas and floras of the areas to which they belong, but lack certain 
species from the start and become more and more dilute to the 
northward till it is hard to say where they really end. Their north- 
ern boundaries, therefoi'e, must be drawn arbitrarily or must be based 
on the i)resence or absence of particular species rather than the usual 
association of species. 

Counting from the north, the Carolinian area is that in which the 
sassafras, tulip tree, hackberry, sycamore, sweet gum, i-ose magnolia, 
red bud, persimmon, and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, 
together Avith the opossum, graj' fox, fox squirrel, cardinal bird, Caro- 
lina wren, tufted tit, gnatcatcher, summer tanager, and yellow-breasted 
chat. Chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, and Avalnuts grow wild in 
abundance. The area is of very great agricultural importance. 

Crops of the Carolinian Faunal Area. 

Cereals do well in the Carolinian area, particularly wheat and corn. 
The sugar beet is an important crop in the northern parts, but fails 
to develop sufficient sugar for profitable culture in the southern parts. 
Fruits thrive almost everywhere, and in great variety, as shown by 
the following list: 



Wheat. 



Clawson. 

Fiilcaster. 

Fultz. 



Mediterranean. 

Turkey Red [Mississippi Valley], 

Velvet Chaff.^ 



Lincoln (;?). 
Red Rust Proof. 



Oats. 



Welcome. 

White Russian (J). 



Corn. 



Bloody Butcher. 
Grolden Dent (.'). 
Hickory King {2). 
King Philip {S). 
Learning. 



St. Charles White [Mississippi Valley 

Stowell Evergreen. 
White Gourd Seed {J). 



Barley. 

Rye. 

Bvclcivheat (3), 



32 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



Arkansas {Mammoth Black Twig). 

Bailey Sn-eet. 

Baldwin (»). 

Belmont. 

Ben Davis. 

Benoni. 

Bentley. 

Bonnm. 

Bough, Sweet. 

Bradford Best {Kentucky Red). 

Broadwell. 

Buckingham. 

Cannon Pea rma in. 

Champlain {Nyack). 

Clayton. 

Cornell Faucij. 

CuUasaga. 

Domine {n). 

Dyer {Poin.me Royal). 

Early Cooper. 

Early Harvest. 

Early Joe. 

Early Pennock. 

Early Strawberry. 

Edward Early. 

Esopus (?()• 

Evening Party. 

Ewalt. 

Fallawater. 

Fall Orange. 

Fall Pippin. 

Fall Wine. 

Fanny. 

Fink. 

Fulton. 

Gilpin. 

(Tolden Russet {n). 

Golden Sweet. 

Green Cheese. 

Green Newtown. 

Grimes Golden. 

Haas {Fall Queen). ■ 

Hewes Crah. 

Hightop aS'uvc/ [Mississippi Valley] 

Hoover. 

Horse. 
Hubbardston (//). 

Jefferis. 
Jersey Sweet. 

Jonathan {n). 

July {Fourth of .Inly). 
Keswick. 



FRUITS. 

A2)plcs. 

Kinnaird. 

Lady. 

Lady Sweet. 

Lansingburg. 

Late Strawberry. 

Lawver {Delaware Red Winter). 

Limber Twig. 

Lowell. 

McAfee. 

McLellan. 

Maiden Blush. 

Mangiim. 

Margaret, Early Red. 

Milam. 

Missouri Pippin. 

Melon, Norton (n). 

Monmouth. 

Moore Sweet. 

Mother. 

Newtown Spitzenburg. 

Nickajack. 

Northern Spy (//). 

Ohio Nonpareil. 

Oldenburg, DucJiess of. 

Ontario {n). 

Ortley. 

Otoe (n). 

Perry Russet ()/). 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Pry or Red. 

Ralls Genet. 

Rambo. 

Ramsdell Sweet. 

Red Astrachan. 

Red June. 

Red Stripe. 

Rhode Island Greening {n). 

Romanite. South. 

Roman Stem. 

Rome Beauty. 

Shockley. 

Smith ( 'ider. 

Smokehouse. 

Sops of Wine {n). 

Stark (;0- 

Summer Pearmain. 

Summei- Queen. 

Summer Rose. 

Sutton {n). 

Swaar (»)• 

Sweet Winesap. 



THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



33 



FRUITS — continued. 
Apples — Continued. 



Tetofski. 

Tompkins King (n). 

Trenton Early. 

Twenty-Ounce (»). 

Vandevere. 

Wagener («)• 

Walbridge {Edgar Red Streak). 

Westfield (?0. 

White Juneating. 

White Pearmain. 



Hyslop. 
Martha. 



Alexander [Mississippi Valley]. 

Breda. 

Budd [Mississippi Valley]. 

Early Golden. 

Gibb [Mississippi Valley]. 



Archduke (u) 
Black Heart. 
Carnation. 
Choisy, Belle de. 
Coe Transjiarent (n). 
Downer (n). 
Dyehouse. 
Eagle, Black. 
Early Purple Guigne. 
Elton (»)• 
Eugenie, Empresa. 
Hortense, Heine. 
Knight Early. 



White Pippin. 

Willow Twig. 

Wine. Hays {n). 

Winesap. 

Wythe. 

Yellow Bell flower. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin {Albemarle). 

Yellow Transparent. 

York Imperial. 



Crahapples. 



Transcendent. 
Yellow Siberian. 



Apricots. ' 



Harris. 
Hemskirke. 
Large Early. 
Moor park. 
Peach. 



Cherries. 



Late Kentish. 
Magnifique, Belle. 
Mayduke. 
Morello, English. 
Napoleon ( Royal Ann). 
Olivet. 

Plumstone Morello. 
Richmond {Kentish). 
Rockport (u). 
Spanish, Yellow. 
Tartarian, Black. 
Windsor (;/)• 
Wood, Governor. 



.Cranberries. 



[While cranberries are an important crop in parts of New Jersey and a few other 
States within the general l)oundaries of the Carolinian fauna, they grow only in 
cold bogs which have the proper temperature of the Transition or even Boreal 
zone.] 

Grapes. 



Agawam (n). 
Barry {n). 
Brighton. 
Catawba. 
Champion. 
Clinton (»). 



Concord. 
Cynthiana (s), 
Delaware. 
Diamond {n). 
Diana (»)• 
Duchess. 



' Of little account in the Eastern States, because of too early flowering, with 
consequent danger from irost. 
1002— No. 10 3 



34 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



FRUITS — continued. 
Grapes — Continued. 



Elvira (.s)- 

Cxoethe (.s). 

lona ( » ) • 

Isabella. 

Ives. 

Jefferson. 

Lindley. 

Missouri Reisling («)• ? 

Moore Earlij. 

Niagara. 

Alexander. 
Beers Smock. 
Bilyeu. 
Chili, Hills. 
Early Crawford. 
Elberta. 
Foster. 
GeDrge IV. 
Globe. 

Golden Drop. 
Grosse Mignonne. 
Hale. 

Heath Cling. 
Hoover. 
Kenrick Heath. 
Large York. 
Late Admirable. 
Late Crawford. 

Boston. 
Elruge. 

Angoulenie, Ducliess de. 

Anjou (ii). 

Bartlett (^i). 

B'oodgood. 

Bosc (»)• 

Boussock {n). 

Brandywine. 

Buffum (/;). 

Chambers. 

Clan-geau (n). 

Clapp Favorite (n). 

Columbia. 

Comice, Doi/ennc du {n). 

Diel. 

Easter Bciirre. 

Garber. 

Glffard. 



Noah [South Mississippi ValleyJ (.s). 

Norton Virginia (s). 

Pocklington (»). 

Prentiss {n). 

Salem. 

Telegraph. 

Ulster (;;)• 

Worden (;/). 

Wyoming. 



Peaches. 



Late Rareripe. 

Morris White. 

Mountain Rose. 

Oldmixon Cling. 

Oldmixon Free. 

Red Cheek Melocoton. 

Reeves Favorite. 

Richmond. 

Rivers. 

Sal way. 

Smock. 

Sneed. 

Stevens Rareripe. 

Strawberry. 

Stump. 

St. John, Yellow 

Susquehanna. 



Nectarines. 

Stan wick. 



Pears. 



Gray Doyenne (n). 

Hosenschenk. 

Howell. 

Jiilienne. 

Kieffer. 

Kirtland {n). 

Lawrence. 

Louise Bonne de Jersey. 

Lucrative {n). 

Madeleine {n). 

Malines, Josephine de (?i). 

Marguerite, Petite (?i). 

Mount Vernon (n). 

Napoleon (n). 

Onondaga {n). 

Osband Summer. 

Paradise d'Automne {n). 



THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



35 



FRUITS — continued. 
Pears — Continued . 



Rostiezer. 

Rutter. 

Seckel. 

riheidon. 

Summer Doyenne. 

Abundance. 

Agen {French, Petite, etc.) (u). 

Archduke (»). 

Bavay Green Gage (n). 

Bleecker Gage (n). 

Bradshaw {n). 

Burbank. 

Chabot. 

Clinton. 

Columbia («)• 

Copper (ti). 

Damson. 

Diamond, Black (n). 

Drapd'Or(>0- 

Duane Purple (n). 

Englebert (n). 

German Prune (»). 

Golden Drop, Coe. 

Grand Duke (n). 

Hand (»)• 

Hudson River Purple Egg (n). 

Hulings Superb (»). 

Imperial Gage (n). 

Italian {Fellenberg) (u). 

Jefferson. 

Kerr {Hattankio 2). 

Kingston (h). 



Champion. 
Missouri Mammoth. 
Meech. 



Bubach No. 5. 

Crescent. 

Cumberland. 

Downing, Charles. 

Enhance. 

Eureka. 

Gandy, 

Greenville. 

Haverland. 



Superfin (n). 

Tyson. 

White Doyenne («). 

Winter Nclis. 



Plums. 



Lawrence Favorite (?i). 

Lombard. 

Miner. 

Monroe Egg (v/). 

Newman. 

Ogon. 

Orleans (n). 

Ottoman (a). 

Peach (n). 

Prince Yelloic. 

Purple Favorite (u). 

Purple Gage (n). 

Red N agate. 

Richland. 

Robinson. 

Saratoga (n). 

Saunders (».)• 

Satsuma. 

Shropshire. 

Smith Orleans (.'0. 

Transparent Gage (»)• 

Washington (ii). 

Wales, Prince of (ii). 

Wangenheim (ii). 

Wild Goose. 

Willard. 

Yellow Egg (n). 



Quinces. 



Orange {Apple). 
Rea. 



Raspberries. 
Straivberries. 



Jersey Queen. 
Jessie. 

Michel Early. 
Miner. 

Parker Earle. 
Sandoval. 
Sharpless. 
Warfield. 
Wood, Beder. 



36 LIFE ZONES AND CKOi' ZONES. 

NUTS. 

Peanuta ' (/t). 
MISCELLANEOUS. 

Cowpcas. Sugar beet. 

Flax. Simet potatoes (//). 

Hemp {Cannabin sativa). Tobacco. 

Limn beans. White potatoes. 

Sorghum. 

{b) The Upper Sonoran Faunal Area. 

The Upper Sonoran faunal area (colored yellowish without spots on 
the map) of the Western States and Territories is the arid-land con- 
tinuation of the Carolinian area of the more humid Eastern States. 
Beginning in the neighborhood of the one hundredth meridian, it 
covers most of the great plains in eastern Montana and Wyoming, 
southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, 
and Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico. In Oregon and 
Washington it covers the plains of the Columbia and the Malheur 
and Harney plains; in California it encircles the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin valleys and forms a narrow belt along the eastern boundary 
of the Colorado and Mohave deserts; in Utah it covers the Salt Lake 
and Sevier deserts; in Idaho tlie Snake Plains, and in Nevada and 
Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation, as will be seen by the 
map. Except in California, the most conspicuous vegetation of the 
Upper Sonoran areas is the true sagebrush (Artewisia tridentata), 
which, however, is equally abundant in the Transition zone. Several 
of tlie so-called 'greasewoods' {Atriplex confertifolia, A. canescens, 
A. nuttalli, Tetradymia canescen.s, Sarcobcdus vermiculatus, and 
Grayia spinosa) are cliaracteristic of suitable soils, and nut pines 
(piiion) and junipers occur here and there, mostly on the mountain 
slopes. 

Among the characteristic birds and mammals are the burrowing owl, 
Brewer's sparrow, Nevada sage sparrow. Lazuli finch, sage thrasher, 
Nuttall's poor-will, Bullock's oriole, rough-winged swallow, five-toed 
kangaroo rats, pocket mice, grasshopper mice, sage chipmunk, sage 
cottontail, Idaho rabbit, black-tailed jack rabbit, and the Oregon, 
Utah, and Townsend's ground squirrels. Some parts of the Upper 
Sonoran in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho have so hot a climate that 
they might almost be considered Lower Sonoran. The localities 
referred to are Alvord Desert in southern Oregon, and certain parts 
of the valleys of the Snake and Columbia rivers, including the lower 
part of the canyon of tlie Des Cliutes. While Alvord Desert is a direct 
continuation of tlie Sonoran deserts of Nevada, the areas along the 
Columbia and Snake rivers are completely isolated and widely 



'Peanuts are not of much commercial importance in this zone, though grown on 
a small scale locally in Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, Delaware, and a few 
other States. 



THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



37 



removed, geographically, from the Lower Sonoran. Nevertheless, hot 
stretches in these valleys have been reached by the canyon wren 
{Catherpes mexicanus conspersiis) and other sonthern species, and 
have been found adapted to the needs of a namber of Lower Sonoran 
fruits. Thus, in the Snake River Valley at Lewiston, Idaho, and 
Almota, Wash., almonds, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and a variety of 
Lower Austral fruits do as well as several hundred miles farther 
south. This is well shown by the fact that the Sweetwater; Alexan- 
dria, Jf?/scrt/ o/; Malaga; 'Pern, Ease of ; Tokay, Flame ; Zinfandel; 
and Thompson Seedless grapes thrive in this part of the valley. 

Crops of the Upper Sonoran Faunai. Area. 

The Upper Sonoran area, notwithstanding its aridity, is of consid- 
erable agricultural importance. Fruits and cereals succeed wherever 
water may be had for irrigation, and in the less arid j^arts wheat, corn, 
barle^^ and rye yield their heaviest returns. Kafir corn (a kind of 
millet) thrives without irrigation, particularly on the great plains, and 
alfalfa with irrigation matures several crops a j^ear, though not so 
many as in the Lower Sonoran. 

cereals. 
Wheat. 



Australian. 

Fiiltz (,?). 

May wheats (,)). 

Mediterranean {3). 



Red Fife (,?). 
Sonora. 

Turkey Red (;?). 
Velvet Chaff (.:?). 



Lincoln (3). 

Red Rust Proof (3). 



Hickory King (3). 
King Philip (3). 
Learning (3). 



Alameda, Beauty of. 
Belmont. 
Ben Davis. 
Blue Pearmain. 
Cook Seedliuy. 
Dyer (Pomme Royal). 
Early Harvest. 
Early Pennock. 
Early Strawberry. 



Oats. 

Welcome (3). 
White Russian (3). 

Corn. 

Pride of the North {3). 



Squaw {3). 



Barley. 
Rye, 

FRUITS. 



Apples. 



Esopus Spitzenhurg. 
Fall Jenneting. 
Fall Orange. 
Fall Pippin. 
Fall Wine. 
Gloria Mundi. 
Golden Russet, 
Golden Sweet. 
Grimes Golden. 



38 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



FRUITS — continnerL 



Ap2ih's — ( 'ontiniied. 



Haas (Fall Queen). 

Hawthornden. 

Hightop Sweet. 

Holland Pippin. 

Hiibbardston. 

Jersey Sweet. 

Jonathan. 

Keswick. 

Lady Sweet. 

Lawyer (Delmmre Red Winter) 

Limber Twig. 

Lowell. 

Maiden Blush. 

McAfee. 

Marshall -Red {Red BeUflon-er). 

Missouri Pippin. 

Monmouth Pippin {Red Cheek Pippin) . 

Mother. 

Newtown Spitzenburg. 

Nickajack. 

Northern Spy. 

Oldenburg. DacJiess of. 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Ralls Genet. 



Ramb(j, 

Red Astrachan. 

Red Canada. 

Red June. 

Rhode Island Greening. 

Roman Stem. 

Rome Beauty. 

Smith Cider. 

Summer Pearmain. 

Summer Queen. 

Summer Rose. 

Swaar. 

Tetofski. 

Tompkins King. 

Twenty-Ounce. 

Wagener. 

Wealthy. 

Westfield. 

White Pearmain. 

Wine, Hays. 

Winesap. 

Wolf River. 

Yellow Bellflower. 

Yellow Newtown Pippyin. 



Apricots. 



Alexander. 

Blenheim. 

Breda. 

Budd. 

Eureka. 

Gibbs. 

Hemskirke. 

Large Early. 

Montgamet. Alberge de. 



Montgamet Early. 

Moore Early. 

Moorpark. 

Newcastle. 

Peach. 

Pringle. 

Royal Golden, Brier. 

St. Ambroise. 

Vestal Moorpark. 



Cherries. 



Archduke. 

Bing. 

Centennial. 

Choisy, Belh' de. 

Cleveland. 

Early Purple Gnigiie. 

Late Duke. 

Lewelling {Black Republican). 

Mayduke. 

Montmorency Large. 

Montmorency Ordinaire. 



Morello, Englisli. 

Napoleon {Royal Aim)- 

Olivet. 

Ostheimer, Weichsel. 

Richmond {Kentish). 

Rockport. 

Spanish. Yelloir. 

Tartarian. Black. 

Thompson Seedling. 

Windsor. 

Wood, Governor. 



THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



39 



FRUITS — continiied. 



Grapes. 



Agawam. 

Alexandria, M^tscaf of (li).^ 

Black Ferrara. 

Black Hamburgh. 

Catawba. 

Chasselas, Red. 

Chasselas Rose. 

Concord. 

Delaware. 

Elvira. 

Emperor (h). 

Isabella. 

Ives. 

Malaga (h). 

Massasoit. 

Alexander. 

Beers Smock. 

Bilyeu. 

Brandywine. 

Chair Choice. 

Early Crawford. 

Early York. 

Elberta. 

Foster. 

Garey. 

Garfield. 

Globe. 

Golden Cling. 

Garland, Goivrnor. 

Hale. 

Heath Cling. 

Late Crawford. 

Lovell. 

Malta. 



Hunt Tcvwny. 



Angouleme, Duchess de. 

Anjou. 

Bartlett. 

Bosc. 

Boussock. 

Brandywine. 

Clairgeau. 



Mission. 
]\Ioore Early. 
Norton Virginia. 
Pierce (Isabella Regia). 
Peru, Rose of (h). 
Prince. Black. 
Royal Muscatine (it). 
Salem. 

Sweetwater (//). 
Thompson Seedless (li). 
Tokay, Flame (h). 
Victor, Earlij. 
Worden. 
Zinfandel (h). 



Peaches. 



McKevitt Cling. 

Muir. 

Newhall. 

Nichols Cling. 

Orange Cling. 

Picquet Late. 

Reeves Favorite 

Rivers. 

Runyon Orange Cling. 

St. John, Yellou: 

Salway. 

Smock. 

Strawberry. 

Stump. 

Susquehanna. 

Tuskena (Tuscany). 

Waterloo. 

Wilkins. 



Nectarines. 

Red Roman. 



Pears. 



Clapp Favointe. 

Columbia. 

Dana Hovey. 

Dial. 

Easter Beurre. 

Flemish Beauty. 

Glout Morceau. 



'As explained on page 21 , varieties marked (/i) succeed only in the hottest locali- 
ties, as at Lewiston and Almota, in Snake River Valley. They are in reality not 
Upper Sonoran varieties at all, but belong to the Lower Sonoran area. 



40 



LIFE ZONES AND CKOP ZONES. 



FRUITS — coiitimied. 
Pears — Continued. 



Idaho [local in Idaho]. 

Lawrence. 

Louise Bonne de Jersey. 

Lucrative. 

IMargaret. 

Onondaga. 



Osband Siunmer. 

Patrick Barry. 

Seckel. 

Vicar of Winkfield. 

White Doyenne. 

Winter Nelis. 



Agen {French. Petite 

Bavay Green Gage. 

Bradshaw. 

Cherry. 

Columbia. 

Clyman. 

German Prune. 

Golden Drop, Coe. 

Golden Prune. 

Imperial Gage. 

Italian. 



Champion. 
Orange. 



Bubacli No. 5. 
Captain Jack, 
Clark Seedling. 
Crawford. 
Jessie. 



Combale, Marron. 



Chaberte. 

Franquette. 

Mayette. 



Plums {including 2)runes). 

etc.). Kanawha. 

Lombard. 
McLaughlin. 
Peach. 

Pond (Hungarian Prune). 
Sergent, Robe de. 
Shropshire. 
Silver Prune. 
Tragedy. 
Washington. 
Yellow Egg. 



Quinces. 



Du Chilly. 

Lambert. 

Piedmont. 



Alfalfa. 
Cowpeas, 
Kafir corn. 
Flemj}. 
Lima beans. 



Portugal. 

Ras2^ber7nes. 

Straivberries. 

Longfellow. 
Monarch. 
Parker Earle. 

Sharpless. 
Thompson No. 7. 

NUTS. 

European ch estnu ts. 

De Lyon, Marron. 

European tralnuts. 

Parisienne. 
Proepar turi ens . 
Serotina. 

Filberts and hazelnuts. 

Purple Leaf. 
Red Avellne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Sorghum. 
Sugar beet (n). 
Siceet potatoes. 
Tobacco. 
White potatoes. 



THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 41 

6. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 

The Lower Austral zone occupies the southern i^art of the United 
States, from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of Califor- 
nia. It is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona 
and western New Mexico, and is divided, according to conditions of 
humidity, into an eastern or Austroriparian, and a Avestern or Lower 
Sonoran, area. 

{a) The Lower Sonoran Faunal Area. 

The Lower Sonoran area begins with the arid region of Texas in the 
neighborhood of latitude 98°, and stretches westerly to the Rio Grande 
Valley, in which it sends an arm northwest to a point a little north 
of Albuquerque, N. Mex. Another arm reaches up the valley of the 
Pecos. West of the Rio Grande Vallej^ in New Mexico the Lower 
Sonoran is interruj)ted by the continental divide. It begins again in 
eastern Arizona and sweej)s broadlj- westward below the high j)lateau, 
covering southern and western Arizona, the deserts of southern 
Nevada and eastern California, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento 
valleys. Followed more in detail, the Lower Sonoran in western 
Arizona sends a narrow tortuous arm eastward in the Grand Canyon 
of the Colorado, which expands to cover the lower levels of the 
Painted Desert, and another arm northward, which enters the extreme 
southwestern corner of Utah, where it is restricted to the St. George 
or lower Santa Clara Valley, and is of much agricultural importance.^ 
From western Arizona it spreads over southern Nevada, pushes 
northerly into Pahranagat Valley, sends an arm by way of Oasis and 
Sarcobatus vallej's all the way to the sink of the Humboldt and Car- 
son rivers, fills the whole of Death, Panamint, and Saline valleys and 
part of Owens Valley, and thence curving southwesterly follows the 
eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi, and Tejon mountains, 
and covers the whole of the Mohave and Colorado deserts and all the 
rest of southern California except the mountains. It sends an arm 
southward over most of the peninsula of Lower California, and 
another northward over the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. 

The Lower Sonoran area comprises the most arid deserts of North 
America, and is characterized by a fauna and flora of extreme inter- 
est. Among the commoner plants are the creosote bush, mesquites, 
acacias, cactuses, yuccas, and agaves. Among the characteristic 
birds are the mockingbird, road runner, cactus wren, canj^on wren, 
desert thrashers, hooded oriole, black-throated desert sparrow, Texas 
nighthawk, and Gambel's quail. Among the distinctive mammals 
are the four-toed kangaroo rats, Sonoran pocket mice, long-eared 
desert fox, and the big-eared and tiny white-haired bats. The 
region, wherever water may be had for irrigation, is of great agricul- 
tural importance, particularly for fruit. 

'Cotton, tobacco, raisin grapes, almonds, olives, figs, and other Lower Sonoran 
crops are raised successfully in the St. George Valley. 



42 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



Crops op the Lower Sonoran Faunal Area. 

Raisin and wine grapes, oranges, lemons, olives, primes, peaches, 
apricots, English walnnts, and almonds are among the important 
products of the Lower Sonoran area, and the fig ripens several crops 
each year. Although too far south for the highest development of 
cereals, several varieties, as the Australian and Sonora wheats, the 
red rust-proof oats, and the white gourd seed corn, do well. Cotton, 
tobacco, pyrethrum, and the opium poppy thrive in certain localities, 
and alfalfa, cowpeas, and canaigre (a plant valuable for tanning) do 
better than in anj^ other area. 





CEREALS. 




Barley {:J). 


White Gourd Seed (/f). 
Red Rust Proof {;.'}. 


Corn. 
Oats. 
Bye (3). 




Wheat. 


Australian. 


Sonora. 




FRUITS. 



Avocado {Aguacate). (7i)' 



Marshall Bed (Red Belljlower). 

Sexton Golden. 

Skinner Seedling {Santa Clara Ring). 



Yellow Bellflower. 
Yellow Newtown Pijjjnn. 





Ajiricots. 


Breda. 


Roman. 


Heinskirke. 


Royal. 


Hinds Seedling. 


Royal Golden, Brier. 


Montgamet, Alberge de. 


Sparks. 


Montgamet Early. 


St. Ambroise. 


Moorpark. 


Vestal Moorpark. 


Peach. 






Cherries. 


Early Purple Guigne. 






Carol). 




Cherimoyer. (/i)' 




Citr^on. 




Dates, (h)' 



' There are several hot pockets in the Lower Sonoran in which tropical or arid 
tropical fruits may be grown with greater or less success. The best known of 
these is near Santa Barbara, Calif., where the following are said to flourish: Avo- 
cado {Persea gratissivia), capullin {Pritntis capidi), cherimoyer {Anona clieri- 
molia), kai-apple {Aheria caffra), mango ( Ma ngif era indica), Moreton Bay chest- 
nut {Castanospernmni aiistrale), pepino (Solannm inuricatiiin), Queensland nut 
{Macadamia ternifolia), rose apple {Eugenia jainhos), sapodilla {Achras sapota), 
tree tomato {Cyphomandra beiacea) , and zajK/t^ bianco {Casimiroa edidis). 



THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



43 



FRUITS — continued. 



Fign. 



Adriatic. 
Brunswick. 
Du Roi. 
Genoa, WJiite. 
Gentile. 
Ischia. WJiite. 



Alexandria, Muscat of. 

Black Hamburg. 

Emperor. 

Feher Sza.sfos. 

Gordo Blanco. 

Herbemont. 

Huasco. 

Malaga. 

Mission. 



Cattley (Strdirbcrn/) 



Eureka. 
Genoa. 



Mexican. 



Satsuma. 



Black Spanish. 
Downing. 



Bahia {Wasldngtou Newel). 
Hart Late (Excelsior). 
Malta Blood. 
Maltese Oval. 
Mediterranean Sweet. 



Marseillaise, Wliite. 

Mission, Black. 

Monaco Bianco. 

Smyrna. 

San Pedro Black. 

Turkey, Brown. 

Granadilla. 

Grapes. 

Muscat-Hamburg. 

Peru, Rose of. 

Prince, Black. 

Sultana. 

Sweetwater {Fontaiiiebleau). 

Thompson Seedless. 

Tokay, Flame. 

White Muscat. 

Zinfandel. 

Guavas. 

Chinese (Mexican). 

Japanese persiinmoiis. 
[Numerous varieties.] 

Jiijnbe. 

Kuviquat. 

Lemons. 

Sicily. 

Villa Franca. 

Limes. 

Tahiti. 

Loquat. 

Mandarin oranges. 

Tangerine. 

Midherries. 

Persian. 

Olixies. 
[Numerous varieties.] 

Oranges. 

Paper Rind St. Michael. 
Ruby Blood. 
St. Michael. 
Valencia Late. 



44 



Alexander. 

Early Crawford («)• 

Early York. 

Elberta. 

Foster (n). 

Garland, Oovernor. 

Hale. 

Heath Cling. 



Boston. 

Downton. 

Early Newington. 



Angouleme, DiicJirss de. 

Bartlett. 

Bosc. 

Boussock. 

Brandywine. 

Clairgean. 

Easter Bciirre. 

Glont Morceau. 

Howell (?).' 

Lawrence. 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

FRUITS — continued. 



Peaches. 



Henrietta. 

Late Crawford (»;)• 

Lemon Cling. 

Muir. 

St. John, YeUoii: 

Strawberry. 

Snscinehanna. 



Nectarines. 



Early Violet. 

Elrnge. 

Hardwicke. 



Pea rs. 



Louise Bonne de Jersey. 

Lucrative. 

Patrick Barry. 

Ponnd. 

Seckel. 

Superfin. 

Tyson (?).' 

White Doyenne. 

Winter Nelis. 



Pepiiio {Solanum nmricatuiii). 
Pineapple (.^).' 
Pomegranates. 

Pomeloes. 

[Several varieties] 

Phims {including jirunes). 



Agen {French, Petite, etc.). 

Caddo Chief. 

Colnmbia. 

El Paso. 

German Prune. 

Golden Drop, Coe. 

Australian Crimson. 

Burt. 

Longfellow. 



Italian {Fellenlwrg) . 

Jefferson. 

Peach. 

Sergent, Robe de. 

Simon {Prunus simonii). 



Strau-hcrrirs. 



Monarch. 
Sharpless. 



Tamarind. 



'The interrogation point (?) signifies that the variety or species so marked is 
included in the list upon information sufficiently positive to make such inclusion 
necessary, but lacking such full verification as would permit the listing without 
qualification. 



THE LOWER. AUSTRAL ZONE. 45 

NUTS. 

Almonds. 

Blowers. McCoy. 

Brier. Ne Plus Ultra. 

Drake. Nonpareil (Extra). 

Golden State. Paper Shell. 

Gray [southwest Utah]. Routier, Neio. 

Harriott. Soft Shell, Routier. 

IXL. Supremo, 

King Soft Shell. Tarragona. 

Languedoc. Twin, Routier. 
Lewelling. 

Eurojiean ivalnuts. 

Bijou. Mayette. 

Chaberte. Mesange {Paper Shell). 

Cluster. Mission (Los Angeles) 

Ford. Parisienne. 

Franquette. Prci-parturiens. 

Gant {Bijou). Santa Barbara. 

Kaghazi. Serotina. 

Peamits. 

Pecans. 

Pistachio nut. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Alfalfa. Opium poppy. 

Black wattle (Acacia decurrens). Pyrethrum. 

Canaigre {^Rumex hymenosepalus) . Ramie. 

Castor-oil bean. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). 

Cork oak (Quercus suber). Sorghum. 

Cotton. Sugar cane. 

Coiopeas. Street potatoes. 

Flax (seed). Tagasaste (Cytisas). 

Hemp. Tobacco. 

Mustard. 

(b) The Austroriparian Faunal Area. 

The Auslroriparian area occupies the greater part of the South 
Atlantic and Gulf States. Beginning near the mouth of Chesapeake 
Bay it covers half or more than half of Virginia, North and South 
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, the whole of Mississippi and 
Louisiana, eastern Texas, nearly all of Indian Territorj^ more than 
half of Arkansas, and parts of Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, south- 
ern Missouri, southern Illinois, the extreme southwestern corner of In- 
diana, and the bottom lands of western Kentucky and Tennessee. The 
long leaf and loblolly pines, magnolia, and live oak are common on the 
uplands; the bald cypress, tupelo, and cane in the swamps. Here the 
mocking bird, painted bunting, prothonotary warbler, red-cockaded 
woodpecker, chuck-wills-widow, and the swallow-tail and Mississippi 
kites are characteristic birds, and the southern fox squirrel, cotton 
rat, rice-field rat, wood rat, and free-tailed bat are common mammals. 



46 



J.IFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



Crops of the Austroriparian Faunal Area. 

This is the zone of the cotton plant, siTgar cane, rice, pecan, and 
peanut, and of the scuppernong grape and oriental pears (Le Conte 
and Kieffer). The more important crops are mentioned in the follow- 
ing list : 

CEREALS. 

Barley (S). 
Corn. 



Golden Dent. 
Hickory King. 
Leaminj;- (.'). 
Mosbv Prolific. 



Burt. 



Fultz (2). 

May wheats [away from coast] . 



Bonum (n). 

Bradford Best (Kentucky Red). 

Bruce. 

Buckingham. 

Cannon Pearmain. 

Carter Blue. 

Champlain (Nyack) (?/). 

Clark Pearmain. 

Cornell Fancy (n). 

Cracking. 

Cullasaga. 

Disharoon. 

Farrar {Robinson SujK'rb). 

Ferdinand. 

Gilpin (n). 

Green Cheese. 

Hall. 

Hockett. 

Hoover (n). 

Horn. 

Horse. 

Jennings. 

Julian. 

July (Fourth of Jul !/) (n). 

Junaluskee. 

Limber Twig (n). 

McAfee (n). 



St. Charles White (-0 [Mississippi Val- 

■ ley]. 

Stow ell Evergreen (2). 

White Gourd Seed. 

Oats. 

Red Rust Proof. 
Rye (2). 
Wheat. 

Mediterranean (3). 

FRUITS. 



Apples. 



Mangum. 

Manomet. 

Mason Stranger. 

Mattamuskeet. 

Maverack. 

Nansemond. 

Nicka.iack (n). 

Oconee. 

Oldenburg, Ducliess of. 

Ralls Genet. 

Red Astrachan. 

Red June. 

Romanite, South. 

Shockley. 

Stephenson. 

Switzer [Mississippi Valley]. 

Taunton. 

Watson. 

Waugh Crab. 

White Juneating. 

Willow Twig. 

Winesap (n). 

Yates. 

Yellow June. 

Yellow Transparent. 

Yopp. 

York Imperial (ii). 



THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



47 



FRUITS — continued. 



Apricots. 



Breda. 

Early Golden. 
Hemskirke. 
Moorpark. 
Musch. 



Archduke (?;). 
Black Heart {n). 
Choisy, Belle de («)• 
Early Pvirple Guigne (n). 
Late Duke (n). 



Orange. 
Royal. 

St. Ambroise. 
Turkey.. 



Cherries. 



Magnitique, Belle (n). 
May duke (?(.). 
Morello, Eitylisli {it). 
Richmond {Kentish) {n). 



Brunswick. 
Green Ischia. 



Chinese quince. 

Dewberry. 

Lucretia. 

Figs. 

Turkey, Brown. 

Grapes.'^ 



Berckmans. 








Lenoir. 


Brighton {n). 
Brilliant [Mississippi 
Catawba. 


Valley] 


• 


Lindley (h). 

Missouri Reisling [Mississippi Valley] 

Moore Early {n). 


Cynthiana. 








Niagara {n). 


Delaware {n). 








Norton Virginia. 


Diamond, Moore i 


in). 






Salem {>i). 


Elvira. 
Flowers. 
Goethe (»)• 








Scuppernong. 

Tenderi)ulp. 

Thomas. 


Herbemont. 
Jefferson {n). 








Triumph. 
Wylie, Peter. 








Japanese persimmoHs. 


Costa ta. 








Okame. 


Hachiya. 








Yemon. 
Mulberries. • 


Downing. 
Hicks. 








Stubbs. 



'Apricots are too often injured by late spring frosts to be a profitable crop in 
the Austroriparian. 

■Varieties followed by the letter (u) belong to the Carolinian area, but thrive 
also along the upper edge of the Austroriparian. 



48 



LIKE ZONES AND CROl' ZONES. 



FRUITS — continued. 



Peaches. 



Alexander («)• 

Amelia. 

Austin. 

Blood Cling. 

Blood Free. 

Cabler Indian. 

Chinese Clhig. 

Columbia. 

Early Crawford {ii). 

Early York (n). 

Elberta. 

Hale (»). 

Heatli Cling (n). 



Angouleme, Djcchess (Jc {n). 

Garber. 

Julienne («)• 

Kieffer. 

Lawrence (n). 



Abundance (Botan). 

Berckmans. 

Burbank. 

Caddo Chief [western]. 

Caradeuc, De. 

Chabot. 

Cumberland. 

El Paso [western]. 

Georgeson ( Hattfoilxio). 

Golden Beauty. 

Kerr {Hattankio 2). 



Bubach No. 5 (n). 

Cloud [Mississippi Valley]. 

Crescent. 

Gandy (n). 

Hoffman. 



Hoover. 

Kerr, Je.s.s?V. 

Late Crawford. 

Lee, Oeneral. 

Lemon Cling. 

Mountain Rose (n). 

Oldmixon Cling (?;)• 

Pallas. 

Picquet Late, 

Sneed. 

St. John, Velloio. 

Thurber. 

Tillotson. 



Pears. 



he Conte. 
Magnolia. 
Rostiezer (n). 
Seckel (n). 
Tyson (?i). 



Plums. 



Indian Chief. 

Lone Star. 

Marian na. 

Miner, 

Newman. 

Red Nagafe. 

Satsuma. 

Transparent. Yellow, 

Weaver. 

Wild Goose. 



Pomegranates. 
Strawhernes, 



Michel Early. 

Parker Earle. 

Thompson, Lady. 

Wartield [Mississippi Valley 



NUTS. 

Almonds.^ 

English tvalnids. 

Pecans. 

Peanuts. 



1 Almonds are grown in the Austroriparian area, but are not a comm. rcial success. 



THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 49 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Castor bean. SorgJimn. 

China grass. Sugar cane. 

Cotton. Sweet potatoes. ' 

Cou'peas. Tea. ' 

Jute. Tobacco. 

Lima beans. Turpentine, 

Rice. 

(c) Semitropical or Gulf Strip. 

The Gulf strip, or southern part of the Austroriparian area (col- 
ored orange on the map), reaches from Texas to southern Florida, 
covers a narrow strip in southern Georgia, and probably follows the 
coastal lowlands northward into South Carolina, though not so indi- 
cated on the map. It has a semitropical climate and is the home of a 
number of plants and animals not found farther north, among which 
are the cabbage palmetto, Cuban pine, ground dove, white-tailed kite, 
Florida barred and screech owls. Chapman's nighthawk, the Florida 
and boat-tailed grackles, and several small mammals. 

Crops of the Semitropical or Gulf Strip. 

The Gulf strip, though small in area, is of very great importance 
from the standpoint of agriculture and horticulture. It is the belt in 
which rice, sugar cane, and the much-prized Sea Island cotton are pro- 
duced in greatest quantity and value; and, as a fruit belt, has no 
competitor except the Lower Sonoran areas of California and Arizona. 
Bitter oranges, loquats, granadillas, figs, Japanese persimmons, pecan 
nuts, and numerous varieties of peaches and grapes thrive here, and 
the citrus fruits (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, and shaddocks) 
are grown successfully in the warmer parts, particularly in peninsular 
Florida, but in the northern j^arts have suffered severely from frosts. 
The more important agricultural products are mentioned in the fol- 
lowing list : 

citrus fruits. 

Bergamot oranges (P)-. 

Bitter oranges. 

Lemons (P) , 

Belair. Sicily. 

Eureka. Villa Franca. 

Genoa.. 



' Tea is grown successfully at Summerville, near Charleston, S. C, and •would 
doubtless thrive in other parts of the Austroriparian belt; but the cost of pick- 
ing the leaves is so great as to discourage its general cultivation. 

- The letter (P) indicates that the fruit after which it is placed is cultivated suc- 
cessfully in peninsular Florida only, except in a few cases where it thrives also 
in the Mississippi delta below New Orleans. 
1002— No. 10 4 



50 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



Cleopatra (P). 
Dcincy Tangerine (P). 
King {P). 



CITRUS FRUITS — continued. 

Mandarins. 

Satsuma. 
Tangerona (P). 



Oranges (P). 



Bahia {Washington Navel). 

Beach No. 5. 

Bessie. 

Boone Early. 

Butterconrt. 

Centennial. 

Circassian. 

Cohnar. 

Cnnninghani, 

Drake Star. 

Dulcissima. 

Du Roi. 

Foster. 

Hart La <r' (Excelsior). 

Higley Late. 

Imperial Blood. 

Jaffa. 



Aurantium. 
Blood. 

Forbidden Fruit. 
Hart. 
Josselyn. 



Jaffa Blood. 
Lamb Slimmer. 
Magnum Bonum. 
Maltese Oval. 
Mediterranean Siveet. 
Nonpareil. 
Oblong, Early. 
Old Vini. 
Parson Broion. 
Pineapple. 
St. Michael. 
St. Michael Blood. 
Star Calyx. 
Thorpe Trophy. 
Valencia Late. 
Vinous, Madame. 



Pomeloes (P). 



Jennings. 



Adriatic, WJdte. 
Celestial. 



Elvira. 
Flowers. 
Herbemont. 
Scuppernong. 



Mammoth. 
Seedless. 
Triumph. 
Walter. 



OTHER FRUITS. 

Apples. 

Red Astrachan. 

Chinese quince. 

Dewberry. 

Lucretia. 

Figs. 

Magnolia. 
Marseillaise, White. 

Granadillas. 



Grapes. 



Tenderpulp. 
Thomas. 
Wylie, Peter. 



THE TROPICAL REGION. 



51 



Cattley {Straivberry) . 



OTHER FRUITS — continued. 
Guavas (P.). 

Chinese {Mexican). 
Japanese per-simmons. 



Costata. 


Tane Nashi. 


Hachiya. 


Tsuru. 


Hiyakume. 


Yedo-ichi. 


Kurokuma. 


Yemon. 


Okame. 


Zengi, 




Kuviqiiats (P.). 




Loquats. 




Peaches. 


Angel. 


Gibbon. 


Bidwell Early (P.). 


Honey. 


Bidwell Late (P.). 


Imperial. 


Cablei- Indian. 


Maggie Burt. 


Climax. 


Onderdonk. 


Countess. 


Pallas. 


Early China (P.). 


Peento (P.). 


Ferdinand. 


Waldo. 


Florida Crawford. 






Pears. 


Garber. 


Le Conte. 


Kieffer. 


Magnolia. 




Plums. 


Kelsey. 


Wild Goose. 


Satsuma. 






Pomegranates. 




Straivberries. 


Hoffman. 


Neunan. 


Michel Early. 


Thompson, Lady. 




NUTS. 




Peanuts. 




Pecans. 




MISCELLANEOUS. 


China grass [for fiber]. 


Sorghum. 


Cotton. 


Sugar cane. 


Jute. 


Sweet jJotatoes. 


Bice. 


Tobacco. 


Sea Island cotton. 





7. THE TROPICAL REGION. 
The Tropical region within the United States, is of small extent and 
is restricted to three widely separated localities— southern Florida, 
extreme southeast Texas (along the lower Rio Grande and Gulf coast), 



52 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

and the valley of the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California. 
The Florida area is genuine humid tropical ; the Texas and Arizona- 
California areas are dilute arid troijical. 

Among the tropical trees that grow in southern Florida are the royal 
palm, Jamaica dogwood, manchineel, mahogany, and mangrove; and 
among the birds are the caracara eagle, white-crowned i^igeon, zenaida 
dove, quail doves, a Bahama vireo, and the Bahama honey creeper. 
The absence of characteristic tropical mammals and the relatively small 
number of tropical birds in Florida is due to the lack of land connec- 
tion with other tropical areas; while the presence of the jaguar, ocelot, 
and other tropical cats, the armadillo, and a considerable number of 
tropical birds in southeastern Texas is the direct result of the continu- 
ous extension of the Tamaulipan arid tropical fauna from Mexico into 
Texas. The extension of the arid tropical along the lower Colorado 
and Gila rivers is over a desert region of such excessive aridity that 
only desert mammals and birds can live there. The flora has not been 
sufficiently studied, but is characterized by giant cactuses, desert aca- 
cias, palo verdes, and the Washington or fan-leaf palm. 

Crops of the Tropical Region. 

With irrigation the arid tropical areas are found to be as produc- 
tive as the humid tropical, but they have been cultivated so short a 
time that their capabilities can only be inferred from the circumstance 
that bananas, citrons, dates, guavas, leinons, loquats, oranges, and 
Mexican limes do well in the Arizona-California arm. No informa- 
tion is at hand relating to the Texan or Tamaulipan arm. 

Troi)ical Florida, with its handsome cocoanut palms and extensive 
banana fields, has been longer under cultivation, but its full capacity 
is still unknown, and the following list must be regarded as far from 
complete : 

Crops of Tropical Florida. 

citrus fruits. 

Bergamot Orange {Citrus bcrgamium) . Mandarins. 

Citrons. Oranges. 

Lemons. Pomeloes. 
Limes, 

OTHER FRUITS. 

Avocado (Agnacate). Carob or St. John's bread {Ceratonia 

Aniatungula. {Carissa. arduina). siliqua). 

Banana, Cherinioyer. 

Barbados gooseberry {Pereskia acu- Cocoanut, 

leata). Custard apple {Anona reticidata). 

Caraunda, Christ thorn {Carissa ca- Date. 

randas). Downy myrtle {Rhodomyrtus tomen- 

Cape gooseberry {Physalis peruviana). tosa). 

Casheio nut. Egg fruit. 



THE TROPICAL REGION. 



53 



OTHER FRUITS— continued. 



Oinep or Spanish lime. 
Granadilla. 
Guava. 

Hog plum. (Ximeuia) . 
Kuviquat. 
Loquat. 

Manimee apple. 
Mammee sapota. 
Mango. 

Melon papaw (Carica papaya) 
Monstera ddiciosa. 
Otaheite gooseberry {Phyllanth 
tichus). 

Camphor. 

Coffee. 

Ramie. 



Pepino {Solanum muricatum). 

Pineapple. 

Pond apple {Anona glabra). 

Rose apple {Eugenia jambos) . 

Sapodilla {Achras sapota). 

Soursoj) (Anona muricata). 

Southern dewberry (Rithus trivialis). 

Strawberry tomato (Physalis alke- 

kengi) . 
Sugar apple {Anona squamosa) . 
Surinam cherry {Eugenia uniflora). 
us dis- Tamarind. 

MISCELLANEOUS. ' 

Sisal hemp. 
Tobacco. 



' Eggplants, tomatoes, beans, and some other garden vegetables are important 
crops in tropical Florida, but as the varieties of these have not yet been arranged 
by zones they can not be given here. 



PAET III. 



LAWS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF THE GEOGRAPHIC 
DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.' 

Apart from obvious mechanical barriers, such as oceans, tempera- 
ture is the most important single factor in fixing tlie limits beyond 
which particular species of animals and ijlants can not go. Investi- 
gations conducted by the Biological Sui'vey have shown that tlienorth- 
umrd distrihuUon of terrestrial animals and plants is governed by the 
sum of tlie positive temperatures for the entire season of growth and 
reproduction,'^ and that the southward distribution is governed hy the 
mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest j^art of the year.'^ 

zone temperatures. 
The Boreal Region. 

Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian zones. — The distinctive tempera- 
tures of ulie three Boreal zones (Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian) 
are not positively known, but the southern limit of the Boreal as a 
whole is marked by the isotherm of 18° C. (04.4° F.) for the six hottest 
consecutive weeks of summer. It seems probable, from the few data 
available, that the limiting temperatures of the southern boundaries 
of the Hudsonian and Arctic zones are, respectively, 14° C. (57.2° F.) 
and 10° C. (50° F.) for the same period. 



1 Abridged from a paper by the author entitled ' Laws of temperature control of 
the geographic distribution of terrestrial animals and plants," National Geo- 
graphic Magazine, Vol. VI, pp. 229-238, 3 colored maps, December. 1894. 

-In computing the sum of the positive or effective temperatures a minimum tem- 
perati;re of G^' C. (43° F.) has been assumed as marking the inception of the period 
of physiological activity in plants and of reproductive activity in animals. The 
effective temperatures or degrees of normal mean daily heat in excess of this mini- 
mum have been added together for each station, beginning when the normal mean 
daily temperature rises higher than 6° C. in spring and continuing until it falls to 
the same point at the end of the season. The sums thus obtained were platted on 
a large scale map of the United States and connected by isotherms, which were 
found to conform in the most gratifying manner with the northern boundaries of 
the several life zones. 

■■The exact length of this- period has not been determined. It must be short 
enough to fall within the hottest part of the summer in high northern latitudes. 
and probably increases in length from the north southward. For experiment, the 
mean normal temperature of the six hottest consecutive weeks was arbitrarily 
chosen and platted on a large scale map. Isotherms were then drawn, which con- 
formed so closely with the southern boundaries of the Boreal, Transition, and 
Upper Austral zones that the matter was not carried further, 
54 



TEMPERATURE OF AUSTRAL AND TROPICAL REGIONS. 



55 



The Austral Region. 

Transition zone species require a total qnantitj^ of heat of at least 
5,500° C. (10,000° F.), but can not endure a summer temperature the 
mean of which for the six hottest consecutive weeks exceeds 22° C. 
(71.6° F.). The northern boundary of the Transition zone, therefore, 
is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive tempera- 
tures of 5,500° C. (10,000° F.), while its southern boundary is coinci- 
dent with the isotherm of 22° C. (71.0° F.) for the six hottest con- 
secutive weeks. 

Upi^er Austral species require a total quantity of heat of at least 
0,400° C. (11,500° F.), but apparentl}^ can not endure a summer tem- 
perature the mean of which for the six hottest consecutive weeks 
exceeds 26° C. (78.8° F.). The northern boundary of the Upper 
Austral zone, therefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of 
normal positive temperatures of 6,100° C. (11,500° F.), while its 
southern boundary agrees very closely with the isotherm of 26° C. 
(78.8° F.) for the six hottest weeks. 

Lower Austral species require a total quantity of heat of at least 
10,000° C. (18,000° F. ). The northern boundary of the Lower Austral 
zone, therefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal 
positive temperatures of 10,000° C. (18,000° F.). 

The Tropical Region. 

Tropical species require a total quantity of heat of at least 14,400° C. 
(26,000° F.); and since the tropical life region is a broad equatorial 
belt, it is probable that both its northern and southern boundaries 
are marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive tem- 
peratures of 14,000° C. (26,000° F.). 

Governmg temperatures of the zones. 





Zones. 


Governing temperatures. 




Northern limit. 


Southern limit. 


Regions. 


Sum of normal 
mean daily tem- 
peratures above 

6° C. (43'^ F.). 


Normal mean 
temperature of 
six hottest con- 
secutive weelcs. 


Boreal 


Arctic 

Hudsonian . 

Canadian ._ 

Transition 


°C. 


°P. 


°C. 

110 

U4 

18 

23 

20 


°F. 
'50 








■ .57. 2 


. 






64.4 


Austral 


5,500 
6,400 
10,000 
14,500 


2 10,000 

n,.'-.oo 

18,000 
■M, 000 


71 (J 




Upper A.ustral- 


78 8 




Lower AustraL.. 




Ti-opical 
















' Estimated from insufficient data. 

^ The Fahrenheit equivalents of centigrade sum temperatures are stated in round numbers to 
avoid small figures of equivocal value. 



PART IV. 



CROP TABLES. 

Tlie accompanying tables are arranged to show, under tlie head of 
particular crops (as cereals, apples, pears, and so on), the zone ranges 
of the more important varieties. Fruits having very limited zone 
ranges, as oranges and guavas, are not included, because they are so 
easily found under their appropriate zones in the text. 

Incidentally, the tables serve to bring out the interesting fact that 
while a few varieties, as the Red Astrachan apple and Bartlett and 
Seckel pears, have wide ranges, thriving in as many as three zones, 
the vast majority are restricted to two, and a considerable number to 
a single zone. 

Additions and corrections are earnestly desired. 

CEREALS. 

Cereals taken collectively thrive best in cool climates and are most 
successful in the Transition and Upper Austral zones. This is particu- 
larly true of oats and wheat. Corn, while no exception to the rule, 
has more varieties adapted to the Lower Austral, as appears in the 
accompanying' table. 

Zone ranges of oats, icheat, and com. 

[Key.— (2) and (3) of second or third rate in the area.] 

TRANSITION ZONE. 



Transition areas as a whole. 


Transition areas as a whole. 


Oct /S.- 


PP7ieaf— Continued. 


American Banner. 


Saskatchewan Fife. 


Black Tartarian. 


Scotch Fife. 


Lincoln 


Corn: 


Welcome. 


Angel of Midnight. 


White Russian. 


Canadian Eight-Row Yellow Flint. 


Wheat: 


King Philip. 


Australian {■:}. 


Longfellow. 


Clawson. 


Pride of the North. 


Fultz (2). 


Squaw. 


Ladoga. 
Red Fife. 


Stowell Evergreen t -' and local ). 





UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 



Lincoln (3). 
Red Rust Proof. 
Welcome. 
White Russian (J). 

56 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Oafs: 

Lincoln (2). 
Red Rust Proof (2). 
Welcome (;'). 
White Russian (2). 



CEREALS AND APPLES. 



57 



Zone ranqes of oats, wheat, and corn — Continued. 
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE— Continued. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Wheat: 

Clawson. 

Fulcaster. 

Pultz. 

Mediterranean 

Turkey Red [Mississippi Valley 1. 

Velvet Chaff. 

Corn: 

Bloody Butcher. 
Golden Uent (3). 
Hickory King (2). 
King Philip (•>). 
Learning. 

St. Charles White [Lower Mississippi Val- 
ley] (3). 
Stowell Evergreen. 
White Gourd Seed (^). 



f^nieat: 

Australian. 

Fultz (3). 

May wheats (3). 

Mediterranean (3). 

Sonora. 

Turkey Red (.?). 

Velvet Chaff (i>}- 
Corn: 

Hickorv King (5). 

"King Philip (2). 

Learning (2). 

Pride of the North (3). 

Squaw (3). 



LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Oats: 

Red Rust Proof (3). 


Oats: 
Burt. 
Red Rust Proof. 


Wheat: 

Australian. 
Sonora. 


Wheat: 

May wheats [away from coast]. 
Mediterranean (3). 
Pultz (3). 


Corn : 

White Gourd Seed (2). 


Corn: 

Golden Dent. 

Hickory King. 

Learning (-'). 

Mosby Prolific. 

St. Charles White [Mississippi Valley] (3). 

Stowell Evergreen (3). 

White Gourd Seed. 



APPLES. 

Apples rank among the staple crops of the United States. A mul- 
titude of varieties flourish in the Ti-ansition and Upper Austral zones 
and a smaller number in the Lower Austral, as may be seen from the 
following table. One variet3% the Red Astrachan, is remarkable 
for the wide range of climatic conditions it is able to endure, as it 
appears to thrive in all the zones and in all the areas, except the most 
arid. Man}^ varieties are restricted to a single zone, but the greater 
number are common to two adjoining zones, as the Transition and 
Upper Austral, or the Upper and Lower Austral. 

Crab apples are almost restricted to the Transition zone, only four 
varieties being known to flourish farther south, and all of these are 
Transition varieties. 



58 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

Zone ranges of apples. 



[Key.— Cross (+ ), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and 
the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (n), in northern 
part only; (s), in southern part only; ( i^), information satticiently positive to make the listing 
necessary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] 

TRANSITION ZONE. 



Alleghanian (eastern) area. 


Arid Transition area. 


Pacific Transition area. 


Alexander. 


Alexander. 


Baldwin. 


+ Bailey Sitcet (s). 


Baldwin. 


Ben Davis (s). 


+ Baker. 


Dutch Mignonne. 


Blue Pearmain. 


-f Baldwin. 


Dyer (Pomme Roynl). 


Early Harvest (s). 


+ Benoni (.s^. 


Early Harvest. 


Esopus Spitzenburg. 


+ Bietight4mer (.s). 


Early Strawberry. 


Fall Pippin (s). 


+ Blenheim. 


Esopus Spitzenburg. 


Gravenstein. 


-j-Blue Pi'cirmain. 


Fameuse. 


Jonathan (s). 


+ Bullock (At)icrican Golden 


Golden Russet. 


Keswick. 


Russet). 


Golden Sweet. 


Maiden Blush. 


4- Canada Reinette. 


Gravenstein. 


Monmouth. 


-f Chenango (s). 


Hightop Su-eet. 


Northern Spy. 


+ Clyde B(auty. 


Hubbardston. 


Oldenburg, Duchess of. 


+ Cogswell is). 


Jefferis. 


Rambo (s). 


-|-Danvers (.<). 


Jonathan. 


Red Astrachan. 


-fDomine is). 


Keswick. 


Red June (s). 


+ Dutch Mignonne (s). 


Longfield. 


Rhode Island Greening. 


+ Dyer d'ounne Royal) (s). 


Lowell. 


Sops of Wine. 


+ Earlv Harvest. 


Maiden Blush. 


Swaar. 


+ Early Ripe (.s). 


Monmouth. 


Tompkins King. 


+ Early Strawberry (.s). 


Mother. 


"Wagener. 


+ Esopus Spitzenburc/. 


Newtown Spitzenburg. 


Wealthy. 


+ Ewalt (s). 


Northern Spy. 


"WinesaiJ (s). 


+ Fall Pippin. 


Oldenburg, 'Duchess of. 


Yellow Bellflower (s). 


-|- Fameuse. 


Pewaukee. 


"5''ellow Newtown Pippin (,s). 


+ GardeTi Royal. 


Porter. 


Yellow Transparent. 


+ Golden Russet. 


Primate. 




-)- Golden Russet [New York] ( s) 


Rambo. 




+ Golden Sweet. 


Red Astrachan. 




-f Gravenstein. 


Rhode Island Greening. 




+ Green Sweet. 


Roman Stem. 




Haas ( Fall Uneeii ) [Mississippi 


Rome Beauty. 




Valley]. 


Roxbury. 




+ Hightop Sweet. 


Sops of Wine. 




+ Hubl)ardston. 


Summer Peai-niain 




-j-Hunt Ru.'s.tet. 


Swaar. 




+ Jefl-'eris (.s). 


Tetofski. 




+ Jefferson County. 


Tolman Sweet. 




+ Jewett Red. 


Tompkins King. 




+ .Tonathan (.s). 


Twenty -Ounce. 




F Keswick is). 


Wagener. 




Longfleld. 


Wealthy. 




[Lowell (.sK 


Westfleld. 




[ Mcintosh. 


Williams Favorite. 




McMalion. 


Wine, //a;/.s-. 




+ Maiden Blush (.'-■). 


Winesa]) ( .'). 




+ Margaret, Euiiij Red (.s). 


Wolf Rirer. 




+ Melon, Norton (s). 


Yellow Newtown Pippin. 




+ Minister. 


Yellow Transi)arent. 




+ Montreal Peach. 






f Moore Sweet i.s). 






+ Mother (s). 






f Newtown Spitzenburg (.s). 






+ Northern Spy. 






+ Ohio Non))areil is). 






Oldenburg, hnrhess of. 






+ Ontario. 






+ Peck Fleasani. 






-j- Perry Russet. 






Pewaukee. 






+ Pom me Gris. 






--Porter (.s). 






--Primate (.s). 






— Pmupkin Sweet (Ponwl 






Sv-eet). 






-f-Rambo (.<;). 






4- Red Astrachan. 






+ Red C'anada. 






+ Rhode Island Greening. 






-|-Ribston. 






-f-Rolfe. 






Roman Stem. 






+ Roxbury. 






-f St. Lawrence. 






-1- Scott Winter. 






-j- Shiawassee. 







APPLES. 



59 



Zone ranges of apples — Continued. 
TRANSITION ZONE-Continued. 



Alleghanian (eastern) area. 


Arid Transition area. 


Pacific Transition area. 


+ Sops of Wine. 

-|- Sterling (American Beauty). 

+ Summer Pearmain (s). 

-|r Sutton. 

4-Swaar (s). 

Tetofski. 
+ Tolman Sweet. 
+ Tompkins King. 
-j- Twenty-Ounce. 
-j-Vandevere (s). 
4- Wagener. 
Wealthy. 
Westfield. 
+ Williams Favorite. 
-|-Wine, Hays (.s). 
Wolf River. 
Yellow Transparent. 
Crab apples: 
Beach. 
Brier. 
+ Elgin. 
Excelsior. 
Gibb. 
-f- Hyslop. 
Martha. 
Marengo. 
Minnesota. 
Montreal. 
Orange. 
Red Siberian. 
Transcendent. 
+ Van Wyck. 
Whitney No. 20. 
Yellow Siberian. 


• 





UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig). 

Bailey Sweet. 

Baldwin (n). 

Belmont. 

Ben Davis. 

Benoni. 

Bentley. 

Bonum. 

Bough, Sweet. 

Bradford Be.<it (Kentuclii Red). 

Broadwell. 

Buckingham. 

Cannon Pearmciin. 

Champlain {Nyack). 

Clayton. 

Cornell Fancy. 

Cullasaga. 

Domine (n). 

Dyer (Pom me Royal ). 

Early Cooper. 

Early Harvest. 

Early Joe. 

Early Pcniiock. 

Early Strawberry. 

Edward Early. 

Esopus (n). 

Evening Party. 

Ewalt. 

Fallawater. 

Fall Orange. 

Fall Pippin. 

Fall Wine. 

Fanny. 

Fink. 

Fulton. 

Gilpin. 

Golden Russet (n,). 

Golden Sweet. 



Alameda, Beauty of. 

Belmont. 

Ben Davis. 

Blue Pearmain. 

Cook Seedling. 

Dyer (Pom me Royal). 

Early Harvest. 

Early Pcnnock. 

Early Strawberry. 

Esopus Spitzeuhurg. 

Fall Jenneting. 

Fall Orange. 

Fall Pippin. 

Fall Wine. 

Gloria Mundi. 

Golden Russet. 

Golden Sweet. 

Grimes (lolden. 

Haas ( F(dl (tneen). 

Hawthorndcn. 

Higlitop Sii-ct't. 

Holland Pippin. 

Hubhardston. 

.Jersey Sweet. 

Jonathan. 

Keswick. 

Lady Sweet. 

Lawver ( helaware Red Winter). 

Limber Twig. 

Lowell. 

Maiden Blush. 

IMc Af 6G 

Marshall Red (Red Bell flower). 

Missouri Pippin. 

Monmouth Pippin (Red Cheek Pipj^in). 

Mother. 

Newtown Spitzenburg. 

Nickajack. 



60 



LIFE ZONES AND CHOP ZONES. 



Zone ranges of apples — Continued. 
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE— Continued. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Green Cheese. 

Green Newtown. 

Grimes Golden. 

Haas (F(iU Queen ). 

Hewes Crab. 

High top Sweet [Mississippi Valley]. 

Hoover. 

Horse. 

Hiibbardston (n). 

Jefferis. 

Jersey Sweet. 

Jonathan (n). 

July (Fourth of Julij). 

Keswick 

Kinnaird. 

Lady. 

Lady Sweet. 

Lansingburg. 

Late Strawberry. 

Lawyer [Delaware Red Winter). 

Limber Twig. 

Lowell. 

McAfee. 

McLellan. 

Maiden Blush. 

Mangum. 

Margaret, Early Re<}. 

Milam. 

Missouri Pippin. 

Melon, Norton (?i). 

Monmouth. 

Moore Sweet. 

Mother. 

Newtown Spitzenbui'g. 

Nickajack. 

Northern Spy in). 

Ohio Nonpareil. 

Oldenburg, Dnchess of. 

Ontario (n). 

Ortley. 

Otoe in). 

Perry Russet (»i). 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Pryoi' Red. 

Ralls Genet. 

Rambo. 

Ramsdell Stveef. 

Red Astrachan. 

Red June. 

Red Stripe. 

Rhode Island Greeniiu/ (n). 

Romanite, Sontli. 

Roman Stem. 

Rome Beauty. 

Shockley. 

Smith Cider. 

Smokehouse. 

Sops of Wine (n). 

Stark ()(). 

Summer Pearmain. 

Summer Queen. 

Summer Rose. 

Sutton in). 

Swaar (n). 

Sweet Winesap. 

Tetofski. 

Tompkins King (n). 

Trenton Early. 

Twenty-Ounce ()i). 

Vandevere. 

Wagener (n). 

Wall)ridge ( Kdi/or Red Streak). 

Westtichl ill I 

Wliit<' Juiicating. 

White Peurmani. 

White Pippin 

Willow Twig. 

Wine, Bai/.f (n). 

Winesap. 

Wythe. 



Northern Spy. 

Oldenburg, Duchess of. 

Porter. 

Primate. 

Ralls Genet. 

Rambo. 

Red Astrachan. 

Red Canada. 

Red June. 

Rhode Island Greening. 

Roman Stem. 

Rome Beauty. 

Smith Cider. 

Summer Pearmain. 

Summer Queen. 

Summer Rose. 

Swaar. 

TetoLski. 

Tompkins King. 

Twenty-Ounce. 

Wagener. 

Wealthy. 

We.stfleld. 

White Pearmain. 

Wine, Hays. 

Winesap. 

Wolf River. 

Yellow Bellflower. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. 



APPLES. 



61 



Zone ranges of apples — Continued. 
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE- Continued. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Yellow Bellflower. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin {Albemarle). 

Yt'llow Transparent. 

York Imperial. 

Crab apples: 

Hyslop. 

Martha. 

Transcendent. 

Yellow Siberian. 



LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Gixlf strip. 


Marshall Red (Red Bellflotver). 


Bonum (h). 


Jennings. 


Sexton Golden. 


Bradford Best {Kentwkii Red). 


Red Astrachan. 


Skinner Seedling {Santa Clara 


Bruce. 




King). 


Buckingham. 




Yellow Bellflower. 


Cannon Pearmaiyi. 




Yellow Newtown Pippin. 


Carter Blue. 

Champluiu {Nyack) {n). 

Clark Pearmain. ' 

Cornell Fancy {n). 

Cracking. 

CuUasaga. 

Di.sharoon. 

Farrar {Robinson Superb). 

Ferdinand. 

Gilpin (n). 

Green Cheese. 

Hall. 

Hockett. 

Hoover (n). 

Horn. 

Horse. 

Jennings. 

Julian. 

July {Fourth of Jul;/) (n). 

Junaluskee. 

Limber Twig {n). 

McAfee (a). 

Mangum. 

Manomet. 

Mason Stranger. 

Mattamuskeet. 

Maverack. 

Nansemond. 

Nickajack (a). 

Oconee. 

Oldenburg, Duchess of. 

Ralls Genet. 

Red Astrachan. 

Red June. 

Romanite, South. 

Shockley. 

Stephenson. 

Switzer [Mississippi Valley]. 

Taunton. 

Watson. 

Waugh Crab. 

White Jimeating. 

Willow Twig. 

Winesap (a). 

Yates. 

Yellow June. 

Yellow Transparent. 

Yopp. 

York Imperial (a). 





62 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



APRICOTS 

Ajiricots require a warm climate and do best in the dry summer 
heat of the Upper and Lower Sonoran areas. They bloom early 
and are easily injured bj^ frosts, for which reason they are a precarious 
croj) in the Eastern States. 

Zone ranges of (qyricots. 

UPPER AUSTRAL Z(JNE. 



Carolinian area. 


Upper Sonoran area. 


Alexander [Mississippi Valley] . 


Alexander. 


Breda. 




Blenheim. 


Budfl [Mississippi Valley]. 


Breda. 


Early (rolden. 




Budd. 


Gibli (Mississippi 


Valley]. 


Eureka. 


Harris. 




Gibbs. 


Hemskirke. 




Hemskirke. 


Large Early. 




Large Early. 


Moor park. 




Montgamet, Atberge de. 


Peach. 




Montgamet Early. 

Moore Early. 

Moorpark. 

Newcastle. 

Peach. 

Pringle. 

Royal Golden, Brier. 

St. Ambroise. 

Vestal Moorpark. 



LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lowei 


Sonoran area. 


Ausfcroriparian area. 


Breda, 




Breda. 


Hemskirke. 
Hinds Siidlhui. 




Early Golden. 
Hemskirke. 


Montgamet, Alhrrije 


de. 


Moorpark. 


MontLcaniot Early. 




Musch. 


Moorpark. 
Peach. 




Royal Orange. 
St. ^Ambroise. 


Roman. 

Royal. 

Royal Golden, Brier. 

St. Ambroise. 




Turkey. 


Sparks. 

Vestal Moorpark. 







CHERRIES. 

Cherries like a warm temperate climate, and do best in the Upper 
Austral zone, although some varieties flourish in the Transition and 
others in the Lower Austral. In both of these extremes, however, it 
will be observed that by far the greater number are confined to those 
parts of the zones which lie nearest to the Upper Austral (as indi- 
cated by the letter (.s) in the Transition list, and the letter {n) in the 
Austroriparian list). 



CHERRIES. 

Zone ranges of cherries. 



63 



[Key.— Cross ( + ), do not thrive in the Ui 



. , - ^ , - vein the Upper Mississippi section ("Wisconsin Minnesota anrl 

the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicii'iity of Cxreen Ba™"t" 'in uZhei n part 
only, (.s) in southern part only: (/), information sufficiently positive to make the listine neces- 
sary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] ^ 

TRANSITION ZONE. 



Alleghanian (eastern) area. 



Arid Transition area. 



+Archduke. 

Be-ssarabian. 
+ Black Heart (.s). 
+ Buttner, Yellow {s). 
+ Choisy, Belle de. 
+ Coe Traii.'iparent (s). 
+Donna Maria (s). 
+Downer (s). 
-)-Dyehouse (s). 
+Eagle, Black (s). 
+Early Purple Guigne (s). 
+Elton (s). 

+ Eugenie, Empress (s). 
+Florence (s). 
-j-Hortense, Reine (s) 
-|-Hovey (s). 

Late Kentish. 

Lutovka. 
+ Magniflque, Belle (s). 
+ May duke (.s). 
-j-Moiitmorency Large. 
-j-Montmorency Ordinaire. 

Morello, English. 
+Napoleon (s). 
+01ivet (s). 
+Philippe, Louis (s). 
-j-Plumstone Morello. 

Richmond (Kentish). 
(-Tartarian, Black. 
-f Windsor. 
-|-Wood, Governor. 



Archduke. 
Choisy, Belle de. 
Ostheimer Weichsel. 



Pacific Transition area. 



Advance California. 

Bing. 

Centennial. 

Coe Transparent. 

Elton. 

Lewelling (Black Republican). 

Napoleon (Royal Ann). 

Richmond (Kentish). 

Rockport. 

Spanish, Yelloiv. 

Tartarian, Black. 

Windsor. 

Wood, Governor. 



UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Archduke (u). 

Black Heart. 

Carnation. 

Choisy, Belle de. 

Coe Transparent (u). 

Dovraer (n). 

Dyehouse. 

Eagle, Black. 

Early Purple Guigne. 

Elton (h). 

Eugenie, Empress. 

Hortense, Reine. 

Knight Early. 

Late Kentish. 

Magnifique, Belle. 

Mayduke. 

Morello. English. 

Napoleon (Royal Ann). 

Olivet. 

Plumstone Morello. 

Richmond. 

Rockport (n). 

Spanish, Yellow. 

Tartarian, Black. 

Windsor. 

Wood, Governor. 



Archduke. 

Bing. 

Centennial. 

Choisy, Belle de. 

Cleveland. 

Early Purple Guigne. 

Late Duke. 

Lewelling (Black Rcprddican). 

Mayduke. 

Montmorency Large. 

Montmorency Ordinaire. 

Morello, English. 

Napoleon (Royal Ann). 

Olivet. 

Ostheimer Weichsel. 

Richmond (Kentish). 

Rockport. 

Spani.sh, Yellotv. 

Tartarian, Black. 

Thompson Seedling. 

Windsor. 

Wood, Governor. 



64 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

Zone miujes of clierries — Continued. 
LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Anstroriparian area. 


Early Purple Guigne (t). 


Archduke (n). 

Black Heart. 

Choisy, Belle de («). 

Early Purple Guigne (n). . 

Late Duke. 

Magniflque, -Be^te (n). 

Mayduke (n). 

Morello, English (n) 

Richmond (Kentish) in). 



GRAPES. 

Grapes of high excellence and in great variety f ourish in all the 
zones from the Transitio'n to the Lower Austral, inclusive, although 
no single variety does well in more than two zones. The following 
table contains only the more important varieties, and miglit be largely 
extended, particularly in the Lower Sonoran area: 

Zone ranges of grapes. 

[Key.— Cross (+1, do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and 
the eastern Dakotas) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; {h), in hottest part 
onlv: (Ji), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only]. 



TRANSITION ZONE. 



AUeghanian (eastern) area. 


Arid Transition area. 


Pacific Transition area. 


Agawam. 


Wilder. 


Concord. 


+ Barry. 


Worden. 


Isabella. 


Champion. 




Moore Early. 


Clinton. 






Concord. 






Cottage. 






4-Diana. 






-|- Martha. 






Moore Edrlij. 






+ Salem. 






Vergennes. 






Victor, Early. 






+ Wilder. 






Winchell (Green Mountain). 






W or den. 







UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 


Upper Sonoran area. 


Agawam (n). 


Agawam. 


Barry (ii). 
Brighton. 


Alexandria, Muscat of (h). 


Black Ferrara. 


Catawlja. 


Black Hamburg. 


Champion. 


Catawba. 


Clinton (n). 


Chasselas Red. 


Concord. 


Chasselas Rose. 


Cvnthiana (s). 


Concord. 


Delaware. 


Delaware. 


Diamond (n). 


Elvira. 


Diana (?i). 


Emperor (h). 


Duchess. 


Isabella. 


Elvira (s). 


Ives. 


Goethe (s). 


Malaga (h). 


lona (n). 


Massasoit. 



GRAPES AND PEACHES. 



65 



Zone ranges of grapes — Continued, 
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE-Continued. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Isabella. 

Ives. 

Jeffei'son. 

Lindley. 

Missouri Reisling (s). 

Moore Early. 

Niagara. 

Noah [Southern Mississippi Valley.] (s). 

Norton Virginia (s). 

Pocklington (w). 

Prentiss (u). 

Salem. 

Telegraph. 

Ulster (*M. 

Worden in). 

Wyoming. 



Mission. 

Moore Early. 

Norton ^'ir(/inia. 

Peru, Rose of (h). 

Pierce ( Isabella Regia). 

Prince Black. 

Royal Muscatine (/()• 

Salem. 

Sweetwater (Fontaineblcau) (h). 

Thompson Seedless (h). 

Tokay, Flame (h). 

Victor, Early. 

Worden. 

Zinfandel (h). 



LOWER .A.USTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Gulf strip. 


Alexandria, Muscat of. 


Berokmans. 


Elvira. 


Black Hamburg. 


Brighton (n). 


Flowers. 


Emperor. 


Brilliant [Mississippi Valley]. 


Herbemont. 


Feher Szagos. 


Catawba. 


Norton Virginia. 


Gordo Blanco. 


Cynthiana. 


Scuppernong. 


Herbemont. 


Delaware (n). 


Tenderpulp. 


Huasco. 


Diamond, Moore (n). 


Thomas. 


Malaga. 


Elvira. 


Wylie, Peter. 


Mission. 


Flowers. 




Muscat-Hamburg. 


Goethe (n). 




Peru. Ro.w of. 


Herbemont. 




Prince, Black. 


Jefferson (n). 




Sultana. 


lienoir. 




Sweetwater (Fontainebleau). 


Lindley (n). 




Thompson Seedless. 


Missouri Reisling [Mississippi 




Tokav, Flame. 


Valley]. 




White Muscat. 
Zinfandel. 


Moore Early (,nj. 
Niagara (n). 
Norton Virginia. 
Salem («). 
Scuppernong. 
Tenderpulp. 
Thomas. 
Triumph. 
Wylie, Peter. 





PEACHES. 

Peaches require a warm climate, and are one of the most important 
fruits of the Upper and Lower Austral zones. In the Transition zone, 
except along the southern edge, where the Transition shades into the 
Upper Austral, they can not be depended on. But in the Pacific 
Coast division of the Transition, which, as elsewhere explained, 
receives more heat than the other parts of this zone, peaches are 
grown in certain localities, and the Hale is said to do well. 

Nectarines follow jjeaches, except in the humid areas, but are of 
little consequence in the Eastern States. They reach their highest 
development and greatest commercial consequence in the arid Lower 
Sonoran. 

1002— No. 10 5 



66 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



Zo)ie ranges of peaches. 

[Key.— I n ), in northern part only.] 

UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Alexander. 

Beers Smock. 

Bilyeii. 

Chili, HiUs. 

Early Crawford. 

Elberta. 

Foster. 

Georsje IV. 

Globe. 

Golden Drop. 

(irosse Mignonne. 

Hule 1 

Heath CUng. 

Hoover. 

Kenrick Heath. 

Large York. 

Late Admirable. 

Ijate (irawford. 

Late Rareripe. 

Morris While. 

Mountain Rose. 

Oldmixon Cling. 

Oldmixon Free. 

Red Ciieek Melocoton. 

Reeves Favorite 

Richmond. 

Rivers. 

Salway. 

Smock. 

8need. 

Stevens Rareripe. 

Strawberry. 

Stump. 

St. John, YvUoa^ 

Susquehanna. 

Nectarines: 

Boston. 

Elruge. 

Stan wick. 



Alexander. 

Beers Smock. 

Bilyeu. 

Brandywine. 

Chair Choice. 

Early Crawford. 

Early York. 

Elberta. 

Poster. 

Garey. 

Garfield. 

Gai-land, Governor. 

Globe. 

Golden Cling. 

Hale. 1 

Heath Cling. 

Late Crawford. 

Lovell. 

Malta. 

McKevitt Cling. 

Muir. 

Newhall. 

Nichols Cling. 

Orange Cling. 

Picquet Late. 

Reeves Favorite. 

Rivers. 

Runyon Orange Cling. 

St. John, Yellotc. 

Salway. 

Smock. 

Strawberry. 

Stump. 

Susquehanna. 

Tuskena (Tuscany). 

Waterloo. 

Wilkins. 

Nectarines: 

Hunt Tawny. 

Red Roman. 



1 The Hale peach is said to do well in the Pacific Coast Transition area, and is the only peach 
known to thrive in the Transition zone. 

LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Gulf strip. 


Alexander. 


Alexander (»). 


Angel. 


Early Crawford m). 


Amelia. 


Bidwell Early (P). 


Early York. 


Austin. 


Bidwell Late (P). 


Elberta. 


Blood Cling. 


Cabler Indian. 


Foster (»i). 


Blood Free. 


Climax. 


Garland, Governor. 


Cabler Indian. 


Countess. 


Hale. 


Chinese Cling. 


Early (Jhina (P). 


Heath Cling. 


Columbia. 


Ferdinand. 


Henrietta. 


Early Crawford \n). 


Florida Crawford. 


Late Crawford (n). 


Early York (n). 


Gibbon. 


Lemon Cling. 


Elberta. 


Honey. 


Muir. 


Hale (n). 


Imperial. 


St. John, Yelloir. 


Heath Cling (n). 


Maggie Burt. 


Strawberry. 


Hoover. 


Onderdonk. 


Susquehanna. 


Kerr. Jessie. 


Pallas. 


Nectariiie.-<: 


Late Crawford. 


Peen-to (,P). 


Boston. 


Lee, General. 


Waldo. 


Down ton. 


Lemon Cling. 




Early Newington. 


Mountain Rose {n). 




Early Violet. 


Oldmixon Cling (n). 




Elruge. 


Picquet Late. 




Hardwicko. 


Sneed. 

St. John, Yelloir. 

Thurber. 

Tillotson. 





PEAKS. 



67 



PEARS. 

Pears thrive best in the Transition and Upper Austral zones and 
fairl}' well in the Lower Austral, though the number of varieties 
adapted to the latter is relatively small. In the Gulf strip only four 
varieties flourish. 

Zone r-anges of pears. 

[Key. — Cross (+), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and 
the eastern Dakotas ) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; i ;i ;. in northern part 
only: (,s), in southern part only; ( f), information sufficiently positive to make the listing neces- 
sary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] 

TRANSITION ZONE. 



Alleghanian (eastern) area. 


Arid Transition area. 


Pacific Transition area. 


+Andrews. 


Angouleme, Duchess de. 


Bartlett. 


-i-Angouleme, Duchess de ys). 


Anjou. 


Bosc (St. 


-fAnjou (s>. 


Bartlett. 


Boussock. 


+Bartlett (s). 


Bosc. 


Clairgeau (s). 


+ Bosc (s). 


Boussock. 


Clapp Favorite. 


-|-Boussock. 


Brandywine. 


Flemish Beauty. 


+ Brandy wine (s). 


Clairgeau. 


Seckel (s). 


+Buffum. 


Clapp Fa vorite. 


Tyson (s). 


-fClairgeau (s). • 


Columbia. 


Winter Nelis is). 


+ Clapp Favorite (s). 


Easter Beui~re. 




-fColumbia is). 


Flemish Beauty. 




+Dana Hovey (s). 


Lawrence. 




+ Diel. 


Lvicrative. 




+Dix. 


Onondaga. 




-I- Elizabeth. Mannimj. 


Osband Summer. 




4-Flemish Beauty. 


Seckel. 




+ Fulton. 


Tyson. 




-fGiffard is). 


Winter Nelis. 




-i-Goodale. 






+ Howell (s). 






4-Julienne (s). 






-1- Lawrence (s). 






-i-Loi;ise Bonne de Jersey. 






4-Lucrative (s). 






+ McLaughlin. 






-i-Madeleine (s). 






4-Malines, Josephine de (s). 






-(-Onondaga (s). 






-j-Osband Summer. 






-1-Pound. 






-I-Rostiezer (.s). 






-i-Seckel (s). 






-j- Sheldon is). 






-j-Souvenir dn Congress (s). 






4 Sterling. 






-t-'^ummer Doyenne i.s). 






-(-Tyson. 







UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 


Upper Sonoran area. 


Angouleme, Ducliess de. 


Angouleme, Duchess de. 


Anjou (71). 


An.i'ou. 


Bartlett («). 


Bartlett. 


Bloodgood. 


Bosc. 


Bosc in). 


Boussock. 


Boussock ()i). 


Brandywine. 


Brandywine. 


Clairgeau. 


Buffum (n). 


Clapp Favorite. 


Chambers. 


Columbia. . 


Clairgeau (ti). 


Dana Hovey. 


Clapp Favorite {n). 


Diel. 


Columbia. 


Easter Beurre. 


Comice, Doyenne die (n). 


Flemish Beauty. 


Diel 


Glout Morceau. 


Easter Beurre. 


Idaho [local in Idaho]. 


Garber. 


Lawrence. 


Giffard. 


Louise Bonne de Jersey. 


Gray Doyenne (n). 


Lucrative. 


Hosenschenk. 


Margaret. 



68 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 

Zone ranges of pears — Continued. 
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE— Continued. 



Carolinian area. 


Upper Sonoran area. 


Howell. 


Onondaga. 


Julienne. 


Osband Summer. 


Kieffer. 


Patrick Barry. 


Kirtland. 


Seckel. 


Lawrence. 


White Doyenne. 


Louise Bonne de Jersey. 


Winter Nelis. 


Lucrative (n). 


Vicar of Winkfield. 


Madeleine (n). 




Malines, Josephine de (n). 




Marguerite, Petite {ii). 




Mt. Vernon (n). 




Napoleon (n). 




Onondaga in). 




Osband Summer. 




Paradise d'Automne (Ji). 




Rostiezer. 




Rutter. 




Seckel. 




Sheldon. 




Summer Doyenne. 




Superfln (n). 




Ty.son. 




White Doyenne (n). 




Winter Nelis. 





LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Gulf strip. 


Angouleme, Duchess de. 


Angouleme, Duchess de (n). 


Garber. 


Bartlett. 


Garber. 


Kieffer. 


Bosc. 


Julienne (n). 


Le Conte. 


Boussock. 


Kieffer. 


Magnolia. 


Brandvwine. 


Lawrence (u). 




Clairgeau. 


Lo Conte. 




Easter Beurre. 


Magnolia. 




Glout Morceau. 


Rostiezer Oi)- 




Howell {.''). 


Seckel (n). 




Lawrence. 


Tyson {n). 




Louise Bonne de Jersey. 






Lucrative. 






Patrick Barry. 






Pound. 






Seckel. 






Superfln. 






Tyson ( .^). 






White Doyenne. 






Winter Nelis. 







PLUMS. 

Plums have a wide range. They attain their highest development 
in the Upper Austral zone, but numerous varieties flourish in the 
Transition and Lower Austral zones. In the dry summer heat of 
the Upper and Lower Sonoran areas many varieties develop so much 
sugar that they make the best of prunes, but in the cooler Transition 
zone and the more humid Carolinian and Austroriparian areas prune 
culture is not a success. 



PLUMS. 

Zone ranges of plums {including x>runes). 



69 



[Key.— Cross ( + ), do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and 
the eastern Dakotasi except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (»), in northern 
part only; (s), in southern part only.] 

TRANSITION ZONE. 



Alleghanian (eastern) area. 



Arid Transition area. 



+ Arctic, Moore. 

Aubert, Yelloiv. 
+ Bavay Oreen Gage. 

De Soto. 
+Diamond, Black is). 
+Drap d'Or is). 
+Duane Pnrple (s). 
+Englebert (s). 
-j-German Prune (s). 
-j-Golden Drop, Coe (.«). 
+Grand Duke (s). 

Green Gage. 
+ Hudson Kiver Purple Efjfj (s). 
-t-Hulings »S'((joer6 (s). 
-j- Imperial Gage (s). 
+Jeii'erson (.s). 
-j-Kingston (s). 
4- Lawrence Favorite (•«). 

Lombard. 
+McLaughlin (s). 

Moldavka. 
+ Monroe Egg (s). 
+Orieans (s). 
+Ottoman (s). 
-fPond (Hungarian Prune). 
-f-Purple Gage (s). 
+Quackenboss (s). 

Richland. 
-I- Shropshire (s). 
+ Smith Orleans (s). 
+ Transparent Gage (s). 
-j-Wales, Prince of (s). 
fWangenheim (s). 
-f Washington (s). 

Wolf. 

Yello-w Egg. 



De Soto. 
Forest Garden. 



Pacific Transition area. 



Agen (French, Petite, etc.) (s). 

Columbia. 

Dosch. 

Italian (Fellenberg). 

German Prune. 

Golden Drop, Coe. 

Golden Prune. 

Pond (Hungarian Prune). 

Silver Prune. 

Tragedy. 

Yellow Egg. 



UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Abundance. 

Agen (French, Petite, etc.) (n). 

Archduke (n). 

Bavay Green Gage (n). 

Bleecker Gage (n). 

Bradshaw (n). 

Bur bank. 

Chabot. 

Clinton. 

Columbia (n). 

Copper (n). 

Damson. 

Diamond. Black (n). 

Drap d'Or (n). 

Duane Purple (n). 

Englebert (n). 

German Prune in). 

Golden Drop, Coe. 

Grand Duke (n). 

Hand (n). 

Hudson River Purple Egg (n). 

Hulings Superb (n). 

Imperial Gage (n). 

Italian (Fellenberg) (n). 

Jefferson. 

Kerr (Hattankio 2). 

Kingston (n). 

Lawrence Favorite (»i). 

Lombard. 

Miner. 

Monroe Egg (n). 

Newman. 



Agen (French, Petite, etc). 

Bavay Green Gage. 

Bradshaw. 

Cherry. 

Clyman. 

Columbia. 

German Prune. 

Golden Drop. Coe. 

Golden Prune. 

Imperial Gage. 

Italian. 

Kanawha. 

Lombard. 

McLaughlin. 

Peach. 

Pond (Hungarian Prune). 

Sergent, Robe de. 

Shropshire. 

Silver Prune. 

Tragedy. 

Washington. 

Yellow Egg. 



70 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



Zone ranges of plums (including j^fuues) — Continued. 
UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE-Continued. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran ai'ea. 



Ogon. 

Orleans (w). 
Ottoman (n). 
Peacti ()! ). 
Prince Yellow. 
Purple Favorite (n). 
Purple Gage (n). 
Red Nagate. 
Richland (n). 
Robinson. 
Saratoga (n). 
Saunders (n). 
Satsuma. 
Shropshire. 
Smith Orleans (n). 
Transparent Gage (n). 
Washington (n). 
Wales, Prince of (n). 
Wangenheim (n). 
Wild Goose. 
Willard. 
Yellow Egg (u). 



LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Gulf strip. 


Agen ( French, Petite, etc. ). 


Abundance (Botan.). 


Kelsey. 


Caddo Chief. 


Burbank. 


Satsuma. 


Columbia. 


Caddo Chief [western]. 


Wild Goose. 


El Paso. 


Caradeuc, De. 




German Prune. 


Chabot. 




Golden Drop, Coe. 


Cumberland. 




ItllUa,^l(FeUenberg). 


El Paso [western]. 




Jefferson. 


Georgeson (Hottankio). 




Peach. 


Golden Beauty. 




Sergent, Kobe de. 


Kerr (Hcittankio2). 




Simon ( Prunus simonii). 


Indian Chief. 

Lone Star. 

Marianna. 

Miner. 

Newman. 

Red Nagate. 

Satsuma. 

Transi>arent, Yelloiv. 

Weaver. 

Wild Goose. 





STRAWBERRIES. 

Strawberries taken collectively have a wide range, special varieties 
being commercially profitable in every zone fi-om the lower edge of 
the Boreal in Canada to the semitropical strip bordering the Gulf of 
Mexico. Nevertheless, the strawberry is the product of cool temper- 
ate climates, and by far the larger number of varieties are found in 
the Transition and Upper Austral zones. 



STRAWBERRIES AND NUTS. 
Zone ranges of strawberries. 



71 



[Key.— (w), in northern part only; (s), in southern part only: (/), information sufficiently posi- 
tive to make the listing necessary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] 

TRANSITION ZONE. 



AUeghanian (eastern) area. 


Arid Transition area. 


Pacific Transition area. 


Bubach No. 5. 


Bubach No. ;'. 


Bubach No. .5 


Crescent. 


Captain Jack. 


Clark Seedliny.' 


Cumberland. 


Jessie (f). 


Crescent. 


Downing, Charles. 




Everbearing. 


Eureka (s). 




Jessie. 


Haverland. 




Monarch. 


Jessie. 




Perry. 


Michel Early (.s). 




Sharpless. 


Miner. 




Vick. 


Sharpless. 




Wilson Albany. 


Warfield. 






Wilson. 







UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 


Upper Sonoran area. 


Bubach No. .5. 


Bubach No. 5. 


Crescent. 


Captain Jack. 


Cumberland. 


Clark Seedling.^ 


Downing, Charles. 


Crawford. 


Enhance. 


Jessie. 


Eureka. 


Longfellow. ' 


Gandy. 


Monarch. 


Greenville. 


Parker Earle. 


Haverland. 


Sharpless. 


Jersey Queen. 
Jessie. 
Michel Early. 


Thompson J\o. 7. 




Miner. 




Parker Earle. 




Sandoval. 




Sharpless. 




Warfield. 




VVood, Becler. 





LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Gulf strip. 


Australian Crimson. 

Burt. 

Longfellow. 

Monarch. 

Sharpless. 


Bubach No. .', (n). 

Cloud [Mississippi Valley]. 

Crescent. 

Gandy oO- 

Hofl'man. 

Michel Early. 

Parker Earle. 

Thompson, Lady. 

Warfield [Mississippi Valley]. 


Hoffman. 
Michel Early. 
Neunan. 
Thompson, Lady. 



' Markedly successful at Hood River, Oregon, where the Pacific or humid division of the Tran- 
sition zone merges into the arid Upper Sonoran. 

NUTS. 

Our native wild nuts, of which the butternut, cliestnut, hazelnut, 
hickorynut, and black walnut are of some commercial importance, 
are not included in the table, which treats of cultivated kinds only. 

Peanuts are grown on a small scale in hot localities in the Caro- 
linian area, in Michigan and Nebraska, and to a greater extent in 
New Jersey and Delaware, but belong properly to the Austroriparian. 
Pecans thrive in the Austroriparian and Lower Sonoran areas, but do 



72 



LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 



best in the Gulf strip. Almonds, tliouiih grown sparingly in the 
Austroriparian area, do not fruit well, and are not a commercial suc- 
cess except in the Lower Sonoran area of California and Arizona, 
whei-e they and English walnuts are very important crops. 



Zone ranges of nuts. 

[Key.— (/i), in liottestpart only.] 

X'PPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 


Upper Sonoran area. 


Peaitufs (h). 


European walnuts: 
Chaberte. 
Franquette. 
iVlayette. 
Parisienne. 
Proeparturiens. 
Serotina. 

European chestnuts: 
Combale, Marron. 
De Lyon, Marron. 

Filberts and hazehiuts: 
Du Chilly. 
Lambert. 
Piedmont. 
Purple Leaf. 
Red Aveline. 



LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 



Austroriparian area. 



Gulf strip. 



Almonds: 

Blowers. 

Brier. 

Drake. 

Golden State. 

Gray [southwestern L^tah]. 

Harriott. 

IXL. 

King Soft Shell. 

Languedoc. 

Lewelling. 

McCoy. 

Ne Plus Ultra. 

Nonpareil (Extra). 

Paper Shell. 

Ron tier, Nen\ 

Soft Shell, Routier. 

Supremo. 

Tarragona. 

Twin, Roiitier. 
European ivalnuts: 

Bijou. 

Chaberte. 

Cluster. 

Ford. 

Franquette. 

Gant (Bijou). 

Kaghazi. 

Mayette. 

Mesange (Paper Shell). 

Mission ( Los Angeles). 

Parisienne 

Proeparturiens. 

Santa Barbara. 

Serotina. 

Peamits. 
Pecans. 
Pistachio nut. 



Almonds.^ 
English wahiuts. ' 
Peanuts. 
Pecans. 



Peanuts. 
Pecans. 



1 Not commercially grown in the Austroriparian area. 



MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 



73 



This list is ouly the merest skeleton. Additions of all kinds, 
particularly specific information respecting the ranges of definite 
varieties of garden vegetables, will be thankfully received. 

Zone ranges of viisceUa)ieous crops. 

[Key.— i/i I. in hottest part ouly: (n). iu northern part only; (.s), in southern part only.] 

TRANSITIOX ZONE. 



Alleghanian (eastern ) area. 



Arid Transition area. 



Flax is). 
Hops. 

Maple sugar. 
Sorghum (.s). 
Sugar beet. 
Sweet corn. 
White potatoes. 



Flax. 

Sugar beet. 
White potatoes. 



Pacific Transition area. 



Alfalfa (s^. 

Hops. 

Sugar beet (s). 

Sweet corn. 

White potatoes. 



UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Carolinian area. 



Upper Sonoran area. 



Cowpeas. 

Flax. 

Hemp (Cannabis sativa). 

Lima beans. 

Sorghum. 

Sugar beet. 

Sweet potatoes (h). 

Tobacco. 

White potatoes. 



Alfalfa. 
Cowpeas. 
Kafir corn. 
Hemp. 
Lima beans. 
Sorghum. 
Sugar beet («"). 
Sweet potatoes. 
Tobacco 
White potatoes. 



LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 



Lower Sonoran area. 


Austroriparian area. 


Gulf strip. 


Alfalfa. 


China grass. 


China grass ( for fiber). 


Black wattle. 


Castor bean. 


Cotton. 


Cauaigre. 


Cotton. 


Jute. 


Castor bean. 


Cowpeas. 


Rice. 


Cork oak. 


Jute. 


Sea Island cotton. 


Cotton. 


Lima beans. 


Sorghum. 


Cowpeas. 


Rice. 


Sugar cane. 


Flax (.seed). 


Sorghum. 


Sweet potatoes. 


Hemp. 


Sugar cane. 


Tobacco. 


Mustard. 


Sweet potatoes. 




Olive oil. 


Tea. 




Opium poppy. 


Tobacco. 




Pyrethrum. 


Turpentine. 




Ramie. 






Roselle. 






Sorghum. 






Sugar cane. 






Sweet potatoes. 






Tagasaste. 






Tobacco. 







Camphor. 



Coffee. 



TROPICAL FLORIDA. 

Ramie. Sisal hemp. 



Tobacco. 



INDFX 



• Page, i 

Agricultural regions 12-13 

Agriculture in California 14 

Alfalfa ^0. 45 

Alleghanian area 20-24 

Birds 20 

Cereals 21 

Flax 24 

Fruits 21-24 

Hops 24 

Mammals 20 

Maple sugar 24 

Nuts 20-21 

Sorghum 24 

Sugar beet 2-1 

Sweet corn 24 

Trees 20 

White potatoes 24 

Almouds 45, 48 

Amatungula 52 

Apples — 

Alleghanian area 21-22 

Arid Transition area 26 

Austroriparian area 46 

Carolinian area 32-33 

Gulf strip 50 

Lower Sonorau area 42 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29 

Upper Sonorau area 37-38 

Zone ranges of 57-61 

Apricots — 

Austroriparian area 47 

Carolinian area 33 

Lower Sonoran area 42 

Upper Sonoran area 38 

Zone ranges of 62 

Arctic- Alpine zone 18-19 

Birds 18 

Mammals 18-19 

Plants 18 

Arid regions 15 

Arid Transition areas 25-27 

Birds 25 

Cereals 25-26 

Flax 27 

Fruits 26-27 

Mammals 25 

Potatoes 27 

Sugar beet 27 

Austroriparian area 45-49 

Birds 45 

Castor-oil bean 49 

Cereals 46 



Page. 
Austroriparian area — Continued. 

China grass 49 

Cotton 49 

Cowpeas 49 

Fruits 4648 

Jute 49 

Lima beans 49 

Mammals 45 

Nuts 48 

Pvice 49 

Sorghum 49 

Sugar cane 49 

Sweet potatoes 49 

Tea 49 

Tobacco 49 

Trees 45 

Turpentine 49 

Avocado 42, 52 

Banana 52 

Barbados gooseberry 52 

Barley — 

Alleghanian area 21 

Arid Transition area 26 

Austroriparian area 46 

Carolinian area 31 

Lower Sonorau area - 42 

Upper Sonoran area 37 

Bergamot orange 49, 52 

Birds— 

Alleghanian area 20 

Arctic-Alpine zone 18 

Arid Transition area 25 

Austroriparian area 45 

Canadian zone 19 

Carolinian area 31 

Gulf strip 49 

Hudsonian area 19 

Lower Sonoran zone' 16 

Lower Sonoran area 41 

Pacific Coast Transition area 27 

Transition zone 20 

Tropical 52 

Bitter oranges 49 

Black currants 23 

Black wattle 45 

Buckwheat — 

Alleghanian area 21 

Arid Transition area 26 

Carolinian area 31 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29 

California, development of agriculture 14 

Camphor 53 

75 



76 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Canadian zone 19-20 

Birds 19 

Fniitfs 19-20 

Mammals 19 

Ku ts 20 

Canaigre 45 

Cajte gooseberry 52 

Capullin 42 

Caraunda 52 

Carol) 42, 52 

Carolinian area 30-36 

Birds 31 

Cereals 31 

Cowpeas 36 

Flax 36 

Fruits 32-35 

Hemp 36 

Lima beans 36 

Mammals 31 

Nuts 36 

Potatoes 36 

Sorglium 36 

Sugar beet 36 

Sweet potatoes 36 

Tobacco 36 

Trees 31 

Casbew nut 52 

Castor-oil bean 45, 49 

Cereals — 

Alleghanian area 21 

Arid Transition area 25-26 

Austroriparian area 46 

Carolinian area 31 

Lower Sonoran area 42 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29 

Upper Sonoran area 37 

Zone, ranges of 56-57 

Cherimoyer 42, 52 

Cherries — 

Alleghanian area 23 

Arid Transition area 26 

Austroriparian area 47 

Carolinian area 33 

Lower Sonoran area 42 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29 

Fpper Sonoran area 38 

Zone ranges of 62-64 

Chestnuts — 

European 40 

Moreton Bay 42 

China grass 49, 51 

Chinese quince 47, 50 

Christ thorn 52 

Citrons 42, 52 

Citrus fruits 49-50, 52 

Coeoanut 52 

Coffee 53 

Cork oak 45 

Corn — 

Alleghanian area 21 

Arid Transition area 25 

Austroriparian area 46 

(Carolinian area 31 

Lower Sonoran area 42 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29 



Corn— Continued. 

Uliper Sonoran area 37 

Zone ranges of 56-57 

Cotton— 

Austroriparian area 49 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Sonoran area 45 

Sea Island or Egyptian fornew sections. 11-12 
Cowpeas — 

Austroriparian area 49 

Carolinian area 36 

Lower Sonoran area 45 

Upper Sonoran area 40 

Crab apples « . . . 22, 33 

Cranberries — 

Alleghanian area 23 

Carolinian area 33 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29 

Crop tables 56-73 

Crops — 

Alleghanian area 21-24 

Arid Transition area 25-27 

Austroriparian area 46-49 

Carolinian area 31-36 

Gulf strip 49-51 

Lower Sonoran area 42-45 

Need of diversification of 9 

Pacific Coast Transition area 27-30 

Profitable for different climates 11 

Tropical Florida 52-53 

Tropical region 52-53 

Upper Sonoran area 37-40 

Currants 23, 29 

Custard apple 52 

Dates 42, 52 

Dewberry 47, 50 

Downy myrtle 52 

Egg fruit 52 

Faunal areas — 

Alleghanian 20-24 

Arid Transition 25-27 

Austroriparian 45-49 

Carolinian 30-36 

Gulf strip r 49-51 

Lower Sonoran 41-45 

Pacific Coast Transition 27-30 

Tropical 51-53 

Upper Sonoran 36-40 

Faunas, special value of narrow extensions. 15-17 

Figs 43, 47, 50 

Filberts 40 

Flax— 

Alleghanian area 24 

Arid Transition area 27 

Carolinian area 36 

Lower .Sonoran area 45 

Fruits- 

AUeshanian area 21-24 

Arid Transition area 26-27 

Austroriparian area 46-48 

Canadian zone 19-20 

Carolinian area 32-35 

Gulf strip 50 ' 

Lower Sonoran area 42-44 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29-30 



INDEX. 



77 



Fruits— (^outinued. 

Transition zone 

Tropical Florida... 

Ginep or Spanish lime. 

Gooseberries 



Page. 

20 

52 

53 

30 

Granadillas 43, 50, 53 

Grapes — 

Alleghanian area 23 

Arid Transition area 26 

Austroriparian area 47 

Carolinian area 33-34 

Gnlf strip 50 

Lower Sonoran area 43 

Pacitic (Joast Transition area 30 

Upper Sonoran area 39 

Zone ranges of 64-65 

Guavas 43. 51, 53 

Hazelnuts 40 

Hemp 30, 40, 45 

Hog plum 53 

Hops •_>4, 30 

Hudsonian zone 19 

Birds 19 

Mammals 19 

Trees 19 

Japanese persimmons 43, 47, 51 

Jujube 43 

Jute 49, 51 

Katir corn 4U 

Kai apple 42 

Kumijuat 43,51,53 

Lemons 43, 49, 52 

Lima beans 36,40,49 

Limes 43, 52 

Loquats 43, 51, 53 

Lower Austral zone 41-51 

Lower Sonoran area 4 1-45 

Alfalfa 45 

Birds 16,41 

Black wattle 45 

Canaigre 45 

Capiillin 42 

Castor-oil bean 45 

Cereals 42 

Cork oak 45 

Cotton 45 

Cowpeas 45 

Flax 45 

Fruits 42-44 

45 

41 

45 

45 

43 



Page. 



Hemp 

Mammals 

Mustard 

Nuts 

Olives 

Opium poppy 45 

Plants 16. 41 



Pyrethrum 

Ramie 

Boselle 

Sorghum 

Sugar cane 

Sweet potatoes 

Tiigasaste 

Tobacco 

Mammals — 

Alleghanian area. . . 
Arctic- Alpine zone 



Mammals— Continued. 

Arid Transition area 

Austrorijjarian area 

Canadian zone 

Carolinian area 

Hudsonian zone 

Lower Sonoran area 

Pacitic Coast Transilioii area 27 

Tropical region 52 

Mammee apple 53 

Mammee sapota 53 

Mandarin 43. 50, 52 

^ai'SO 42. 53 

Maple sugar 24 

Mapping agricultural regions 12-13 

Melon papaw 53 

Miscellaneous crops — 

Alleghanian area 24 

Arid Transition area 27 

Austroriparian area 45 

Carolinian area 36 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Sonoran area 45 

Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 

Tropical Florida 53 

Upper Sonoran area 4U 

Momtera deliciosa 53 

Mulberries 43 47 

Mustard 45 

Nectarines 34. 39. 44 

Nuts — 

Alleghanian area 20-21 

Austroriparian area 48 

Canadian zone 20 

Carolinian area 36 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Sonoran area 45 

Upper Scnoran area 40 

Zone ranges of 71-72 

Oats— 

Alleghanian area 21 

Arid Transition area 25 

Austroriparian area 46 

Carolinian area 31 

Lower Sonoran area 42 

Pacitic Coast Transition area 29 

Upper Sonoran area 37 

Zone range of 56-57 

Olives 43 

Opium poppy 45 

Oranges 43, 50, 52 

Otaheite gooseberry 53 

Pacific Coast Transition area 27-30 

Alfalfa 30 

Birds 27 

Cereals 29 

Fruits • 29-30 

30 

30 

27 

30 

30 

27 

48 

34 



Hops 

Mammals 

Potatoes 

Shrubs 

Sugar beet 

Sweet corn 

Trees 

Peaches — 

Austroriparian area. 
Carolinian urea. ; 



78 



INDEX. 



Page, 
Peaches — Continued. 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Souoraii urea 44 

Pacific Coast Transition area 30 

Upper Sonoran area 39 

Zone ranges of 65-0(i 

Peanuts 45, 48, 51 

Pears — 

Alleghauian area 23-24 

Arid Transition area 26 

Austroripariau area 48 

Carolinian area 34-35 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Sonoran area • 44 

Upper Sonoran area 39-40 

Zone ranges of 67-68 

Pecans 45, 48, 51 

Pepino 42, 44, 53 

Pistachio nut 45 

Plants- 
Arctic- Alpine zone ]8 

Lower Sonoran area 41 

Tropical region 52 

Upper Sonoran area 36 

Plums — 

Alleghanian area 24 

Arid Transition area 27 

Austroripariau area 48 

Carolinian area 35 

Gulf strip 51 

Zone ranges of 68-70 

Plums (including prunes) — 

Lower Sonoran area 44 

Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 

Upjier Sonoran area 40 

Zone ranges of 68-70 

Pomegranates 44, 48, 51 

Pomeloes 44, 50, 52 

Pineapples 44, 53 

Pond apple 53 

Pyrethruni 45 

Queensland nut 42 

Quinces 24, 35, 40 

Eamie 45, 53 

Raspberries 35, 40 

Kegions — - 

Arid 15 

Mapping agricultural 12-13 

Tropical 51 53 

Kice 49,51 

Kose apple 42, 53 

Eoselle 45 

Rye- 

Allegbanian area 21 

Arid Transition area 26 

Austroriparian area.-» 46 

Carolinian area 31 

Upper Sonoran area 37 

St. John's bread or carob 52 

Sapodilla 42, 53 

Semitropioal or Gulf strip 49-51 

Birds' 49 

China grass 51 

(Mtrus fruits 49-50 

Cotton 51 

Fruits 50 

It S '05 



Page. 
Semitropical or Gulf strip— Continued. 

Jute 51 

Nuts 51 

Rice 51 

Sorghum 51 

Sugar cane 51 

Sweet potatoes 51 

Tobacco 51 

Trees 49 

Shrubs 27 

Sisal hemp 53 

Sorghum- 

Alleghanian area 24 

Austroiiparian area 49 

Carolinian area 36 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Sonoran 45 

Ui>per Sonoran area 40 

Soursop . 53 

Southern dewberry 53 

Spanish lime or ginep 53 

Strawl)errics— 

Alleghanian area 24 

Arid Transition area 27 

Austroriparian area 48 

Carolinian area 35 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Sonoran area 44 

Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 

Ui)per Sonoran area 40 

Zone ranges of 70-71 

Strawberry tom.tto 53 

Sugar apple 53 

Sugar l)eet — 

Alleghauian area 24 

Arid Transition area 27 

Carolinian area 36 

Pacitic Coast Transition area 30 

Upper Sonoran area 40 

Sugar cane 45, 49, 51 

Surinam cherry 53 

Sweet corn 24, 30 

Sweet potatoes— 

Austroriparian area 49 

Gulf strip 51 

Lower Sonoran area 45 

Tapper Sonoran area 40 

Tagasaste 45 

Tamarinds 44, 53 

Tangerines 50 

Tea 49 

Temperatures of zones 54-55 

Arctic 54 

Hudsouian 54 

Canadian 54 

Lower Austral 55 

Transition 55 

Tropical 55 

Upper Austral 55 

Tobacco — 

Austroriparian area 49 

Carolinian area 36 

Guirstrip 51 

Lower Sonoran area 45 

Tropical Florida 53 

Upper Sonoran area 40 



INDEX. 



79 



Page. 

Transition zone 20-30 

Trees — 

AUegliauian area 20 

Austroriparian area 45 

Caroliuian area 31 

Hudsonian zone 19 

Gulf strip 'IS 

Lower Sonoran area 45 

Lower Sonoran zouo 16 

Paciflc Coast Transition area 27 

Tropical region 52 

Upper Sonoran area 36 

Tree tomato 42 

Tropical region 51-53 

Tropical Florida 52-53 

Areas 51-53 

Birds 52 

Camplior 53 

Citrns fruits 52 

Coffee 53 

Fruits 52-53 

Mammals 52 

Ramie 53 

Sisal hemp 53 

Tobacco 53 

Turpentine 49 

Upper Austral zone 30-40 

Upper Sonoran area 36-40 

Alfalfa 40 

Birds 36-37 

Cereals 37 

Cowpeas 40 

Fruits 37-40 

Hemp 

Kafir corn 

Lima beans 

Mammals 

Nuts 

Plants 

Potatoes 

Sorghum 

Sugar beet 

Sweet potatoes 

Tobacco 

Trees 

Vegetables 

Waluuls, English 



Page 

"Walnuts, European 40, 45 

Wheat— 

Allegbaniau area 21 

Austroriparian area 46 

Arid Transition area 25 

Carolinian area 31 

Lower Sonoran area 42 

Pacific Coast Transition area 29 

Upper Sonoran area 37 

Zone lauges of 56-57 

White potatoes — 

Alleghanian area 24 

Arid Transition area 27 

Carolinian area 36 

Pacific Coast Transition area 30 

Upper Sonoran area 40 

Zapote bianco 42 

Zone ranges of — 

Apples 57-61 

Apricots 62 

Cherries 62-64 

Corn 56, 57 

Grapes 64-65 

Nuts ''l-"2 

Oats 56, 57 

Peaches 65-66 

Pears 67-68 

Plums 68-70 

Strawberries 70-71 

Wheat 56. 57 

Zones — 

Arctic- Alpine 18-19 

Canadian 19-20 

Hudsonian 19 

Life zones of the United States bound- 
aries, importantcrops. native species. 18-53 

Lower Austral 41-51 

Transition 20-30 

Upper Austral 30-40 

Zone temperatures 54 55 

Arctic 54 

Canadian 54 

Hudsonian 54 

Lower Austral 55 

Transition 55 

Tropical 55 

Upper Austral 55 



